Ii-antenna zeHorn ziphakathi kwee-antenna ezisetyenziswa kakhulu kwicala elithile kwi-microwave kunye ne-millimeter-wave engineering. Ulwakhiwo lwazo olulula loomatshini, iimpawu zemitha eziqikelelweyo, ukubonakaliswa okuphantsi, kunye nokukwazi ukufikelela kwi-gain ephakathi ukuya phezulu kuzenza zibe luncedo ekulinganisweni kwe-antenna, uvavanyo lwe-EMC, i-radar, iinkqubo zonxibelelwano, iinkqubo zokutya, kunye neelabhoratri zeRF.
I-antenna yephondo ingathathwa njengei-waveguide ene-aperture evuleka kancinci kancinciEndaweni yokuvumela amaza e-electromagnetic ukuba ahlangane notshintsho olukhawulezileyo ukusuka kwi-waveguide ukuya kwindawo ekhululekileyo, icandelo elivuthayo libonelela ngotshintsho oluthe ngcembe. Oku kunceda ukuphucula ukuhambelana kwe-impedance kwaye kukhokelela amandla amaninzi e-electromagnetic kwi-radiation beam elawulwayo.
Ngokuxhomekeke kwi-geometry ye-waveguide kunye necala apho i-aperture yandiswa khona, ii-antenna ze-horn zinokuyilwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, kuqukaiimpondo zamacandelo, iimpondo zepiramidi, kunye neempondo ezitsobhileyoInqaku lokuqala elibhekisa kulo lisebenzisa ezi zicwangciso zintathu njengentshayelelo ephambili kwizakhiwo ze-antenna ze-horn.
1. Isebenza njani i-antenna yempondo?
I-waveguide ithintela amandla e-electromagnetic kwisakhiwo sokuqhuba. Xa i-wave ekhokelwayo ifikelela kwisiphelo esivulekileyo, inxalenye yamandla iphuma iye kwindawo ekhululekileyo, ngelixa inxalenye inokubonakaliswa ngenxa yotshintsho phakathi kwe-waveguide kunye ne-free-space impedances.
I-antenna ye-horn inciphisa ukungxama kolu tshintsho ngokunyusa kancinci icandelo elinqamlezileyo le-waveguide ukuya kwindawo evulekileyo.
Njengoko i-electromagnetic wave isasazeka kwicandelo elivuthayo, intsimi iyakhula phezu kwe-aperture enkulu. I-aperture emva koko iphuma iye kwindawo ekhululekileyo ize ivelise umqadi obhekisa kwicala.
Ngoko ke, i-flare isebenza iinjongo ezimbini ezibalulekileyo:
- Ibonelela ngotshintsho olugudileyo phakathi kwe-waveguide kunye nendawo ekhululekileyo.
- Iyandisa i-aperture esebenzayo yokukhazimla, ivumela ulwalathiso olukhulu kunye nokwanda.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba uphondo luyenzaayizisusi ngokupheleleyo iimbonakalo okanye amaza amiyoEndaweni yoko, uphondo oluyilwe ngokufanelekileyo lunokunciphisa ukubonakaliswa kwaye lubonelele ngokuthelekiswa okuhle kwe-impedance, okuhlala kubonakala kwi-VSWR ephantsi.
Umfanekiso 1. I-antenna eqhelekileyo yephondo ene-waveguide aperture evuleka kancinci kancinci.
2. Ubuninzi bokusebenza kwee-Antennas zeempondo
Ii-antenna zeHorn azinawo umgama omnye we-frequency jikelele.
Ubuninzi bokusebenza kwazo buxhomekeke kakhulu kwiubukhulu be-waveguide, imo ye-waveguide, i-aperture geometry, ulwakhiwo lwe-feed, kunye ne-bandwidth ecetywayo.
Ii-antenna zemveli zeempondo zixhaphake kakhulu kwiifrikhwensi ze-microwave kunye ne-millimeter-wave kuba ubukhulu be-waveguide buba luncedo njengoko ubude be-wavelength buncipha. Nangona kunjalo, izakhiwo zeempondo ze-broadband ezenzelwe ngokukodwa zinokusebenza kwiifrikhwensi eziphantsi, ngelixa iimpondo ze-waveguide ezichanekileyo zinokunwebeka kakuhle kwiibhendi ze-millimeter-wave kunye ne-sub-THz.
Umzekelo, uyilo lwee-antenna ze-horn lunokufumaneka ukusuka kuluhlu lwee-megahertz ezingamakhulu ukuya kuthi ga kwi-100 GHz. I-RF MISO okwangoku inikezela ngoqwalaselo lwee-horn ze-broadband olusebenza ukususela300–750 MHz, kunye nee-antenna ezigquma uphondo oluyi-conical220–325 GHz, ebonisa indlela olu sapho lwee-antenna olunokuba lubanzi ngayo ubude bexesha olusebenzayo.
3. Iintlobo eziphambili zee-Antennas zeempondo
3.1 I-Antenna yeempondo zeCandelo
Uphondo lwecandelo luveliswa xa i-waveguide engunxande ivuthelwa kwindawo enye kuphela.
Ukuba i-waveguide yandisiwe kwiInqwelo-moya ye-elektroniki, isakhiwo sibizwa ngokubaUphondo lwecandelo le-e-planeUkuba ulwandiso lwenzeka kwiInqwelo-moya ye-H, ibizwa ngokuba yiUphondo lwecandelo le-H-plane.
Ngenxa yokuba ubukhulu bomngxuma buyanda kwiplane enye kuphela, ukwakheka kwemisebe kubonakala ngakumbi kuloo plane ihambelanayo.
3.2 I-Antenna yePyramidal Horn
Uphondo lwephiramidi lwenziwa xa i-waveguide ejikelezayo ivutha kuzo zombini iindlela ze-E-plane kunye ne-H-plane.
Ulwakhiwo oluvelayo lufana nephiramidi enqunqiweyo kwaye lubonelela ngokwandiswa kwembobo kuzo zombini iimilinganiselo.
Iimpondo zepiramidi zisetyenziswa kakhulu njengeiimpondo zokufumana ezisemgangathweni kunye nee-antenna zesalathisokuba iipateni zabo zokufumana kunye nemitha zinokuchazwa ngokuchanekileyo.
Umzekelo, i-RF MISO inikezela ngee-antennas ze-gain horn eziqhelekileyo kwiibhendi ezininzi ze-microwave kunye ne-millimeter-wave. Usapho lwayo lwe-WR10 standard gain horn luquka iimodeli ezisebenza kwi75 ukuya kwi-110 GHz, kunye neempawu ze-gain echaziweyo, i-VSWR, i-polarization kunye ne-beadwidth.
3.3 I-Antena yeempondo ezikhonkxiweyo
Uphondo oluyi-conical ludla ngokwenziwa ngokwandisa kancinci i-waveguide ejikelezayo ukuya kwindawo evulekileyo.
Ngokungafaniyo nophondo oluyi-pyramidal, oluvela kwi-waveguide engunxande, uphondo oluyi-conical lune-geometry ejikelezayo.
Ii-antenna ze-Conical horn zisetyenziswa rhoqo kwi-microwave, i-millimeter-wave, i-feed kunye nokusetyenziswa kokulinganisa. Ngokuxhomekeke kwisakhiwo se-feed kunye nenethiwekhi ye-polarization, zinokuxhasa uqwalaselo olukhethekileyo lwe-polarization.
Umfanekiso 2. Iimeko ze-antenna ze-horn eziqhelekileyo: Iimpondo ze-E-plane sectoral, iimpondo ze-H-plane sectoral, iimpondo ze-pyramidal kunye neze-conical.
4. I-Angle yeFlare, Ubungakanani be-Aperture kunye nobude beHorn
Ijometri yophondo inempembelelo ngqo ekusebenzeni kwayo kwe-electromagnetic.
Iiparamitha ezintathu ezibalulekileyo zoyilo zezi:
i-engile yeflare, ubungakanani be-aperture, kunye nobude be-horn.
I-aperture enkulu ngokubanzi inokubonelela ngesikhokelo esiphezulu kunye nomqadi omncinci, kodwa ukunyusa nje i-angle ye-flare akuvelisi ngokuzenzekelayo ukusebenza okungcono.
Ukuba uphondo lufutshane kakhulu ngobukhulu obuthile bomngxuma, utshintsho olukhulu lwesigaba lunokuvela kulo lonke umngxuma. Oku kunciphisa ukusebenza kakuhle komngxuma kwaye kunokonakalisa ipateni yemitha.
Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ukwenza uphondo lube lude kakhulu kwandisa ubungakanani kunye nobunzima boomatshini ngaphandle kokubonelela ngokuphucuka okulinganayo ekusebenzeni.
Ngoko ke uyilo lweempondo lubandakanya ukulinganisela:
- Ubungakanani bembobo
- I-engile yokuvutha
- Ubude
- Impazamo yesigaba
- Inzuzo
- Ububanzi bemitha
- Ubukhulu boomatshini
5. Ipateni yoMbane kunye neempawu zoMbane
Ii-antenna zephondo zihlala zizi-radiator ezibhekisa kwicala.
Amandla e-electromagnetic agxile kakhulu kwicala elingaphambili ngomngxuma, nto leyo evelisa umqadi oyintloko ocacileyo kunye nee-sidelobes.
Ukusika iipateni ezimbini zemitha kubaluleke kakhulu:
- Ipatheni yemitha ye-e-plane
- Ipatheni yemitha ye-H-plane
IUbubanzi bemitha ye-3 dBisetyenziswa rhoqo ukuchaza ububanzi be-angular bomqadi oyintloko phakathi kwamanqaku amabini apho amandla akhutshwayo ehla nge-3 dB ngaphantsi kwexabiso lawo eliphezulu.
Ngokubanzi, ukwandisa i-aperture esebenzayo xa kuthelekiswa ne-wavelength kwandisa i-directivity kwaye kudla ngokucutha umqadi.
Olu lwalamano lunokubonwa nakwii-antenna ze-millimeter-wave horn ezisebenzayo. Umzekelo, ii-RF MISO's 75–110 GHz standard gain horns zichaza iimpawu ze-E-plane kunye ne-H-plane beamwidth kunye nedatha ye-gain kunye ne-VSWR.
Umfanekiso 3. Umzobo wokwandiswa kwamaza e-electromagnetic kunye nemitha ngokusebenzisa umngxuma we-horn.
6. Iingenelo zee-Antennas zeempondo
Ii-antenna zeHorn zibonelela ngeenzuzo ezininzi kwiinkqubo zeRF kunye ne-microwave:
Isikhokelo esilungileyo
Ukuvulwa okukhulu kwenza ukuba imitha igxile kwicala eliya phambili.
Iimpawu zemitha eziqikelelweyo
Ii-antenna ze-horn eziyilwe kakuhle zinokubonelela ngeepateni ze-E-plane kunye ne-H-plane ezizinzileyo nezichazwe kakuhle.
Ukuhambelana okuhle kwe-impedance
Utshintsho oluhamba kancinci ukusuka kwi-waveguide ukuya kwindawo ekhululekileyo lunokunciphisa ukubonakalisa kwaye luxhase i-VSWR ephantsi.
Inzuzo ephakathi ukuya kwephezulu
Ubungakanani obuhlukeneyo bomngxuma kunye nobude beempondo bungayilwa ukuze kubonelelwe ngamanqanaba ahlukeneyo okufumana.
Isakhiwo esilula kakhulu
Xa kuthelekiswa noyilo oluninzi oluntsonkothileyo lwee-antenna ezifumaneka ngokukhawuleza, iimpondo zemveli zithe ngqo kwaye ziqinile.
Ifanelekile ukulinganisa rhoqo
Uyilo lwabo olusekelwe kwisikhokelo samaza lwenza ii-antenna ze-horn zibe luncedo kakhulu kwiinkqubo zokulinganisa amaza e-microwave kunye nee-millimeter.
7. Izinto eziqwalaselwayo kunye nemida yoyilo
Ii-antenna zeHorn nazo zibandakanya iindlela ezahlukeneyo zobunjineli.
Ukwanda okuphezulu kudla ngokufuna umngxuma omkhulu wombane, nto leyo enokunyusa ubukhulu be-antenna.
Ubudlelwane phakathi kobukhulu bomngxuma, ubude bempondo kunye ne-engile yokugqabhuka kufuneka bulawulwe ngononophelo ukuze kugcinwe usasazo lwesigaba olwamkelekileyo kulo lonke umngxuma.
Kwiifrikhwensi eziphezulu kakhulu, ukuchaneka komatshini, umgangatho womphezulu, ubukhulu be-waveguide kunye nokulungelelaniswa kweflange kubaluleka ngakumbi kuba neempazamo ezincinci zoomatshini zinokumela iqhezu elikhulu lobude be-wavelength.
Ngoko ke iinjineli kufuneka zivavanye kungekuphela nje uluhlu lwenzuzo kunye nolwandiso lwefrikhwensi, kodwa kwakhona:
I-VSWR, i-polarization, ukusebenza kwe-cross-polarization, i-beadwidth, i-sidelobe level, i-RF interface, ukuphathwa kwamandla kunye nokunyamezelana koomatshini.
8. Ukusetyenziswa kwee-Antennas zeempondo
Ngenxa yemitha yazo ekhokelayo, iimpawu ezizinzileyo kunye nokuhambelana neenkqubo ze-waveguide, ii-antenna ze-horn zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwi:
- Ukulinganiswa kokwanda kwe-antenna
- Ukulinganiswa kwepateni yemitha
- Uvavanyo lwe-EMC kunye ne-EMI
- Iinkqubo zeradar
- Unxibelelwano lwe-microwave kunye ne-millimeter-wave
- Uvavanyo lwe-antenna yesathelayithi
- Ukufunyanwa kwesikhokelo kunye nokubeka esweni
- Umlinganiselo wegumbi le-Anechoic
- Ii-antenna zokubonisa
- Uphando lweRF kunye neenkqubo zelebhu
- Usetyenziso lwe-antenna yokulinganisa kunye nereferensi
Uyilo lweempondo ze-broadband lunokubonelela nge-bandwidth ebanzi yokusebenza kwiinkqubo zokulinganisa nokubeka esweni. Umzekelo, ii-antenna ze-RF MISO ze-18–40 GHz ze-broadband horn zichaziwe kwizicelo eziquka uvavanyo lwe-microwave, ukulinganiswa kwe-antenna, uvavanyo lwe-antenna yesathelayithi, ukufunyanwa kwendlela, ukujongwa kunye nokulinganiswa okunxulumene ne-EMC.
Isiphelo
I-antenna yexilongo iguqula i-electromagnetic wave ekhokelwayo ibe yi-radiation ye-free-space ekhokelela kwicala elithile ngokusebenzisa i-waveguide aperture eyanda kancinci kancinci.
Indibaniselwano yayoukuhambelana okuhle kwe-impedance, i-radiation yesikhokelo, iimpawu ze-beam ezinokuqikelelwa, inzuzo eluncedo kunye nolwakhiwo olululayenze uphondo lwaba lolunye lwezona zakhiwo ze-antenna zibalulekileyo kubunjineli be-microwave kunye ne-millimeter-wave.
Ukususela kwiimpondo zecandelo kunye nezephiramidi ukuya kuyilo lwekhoni kunye nolwebroadband, izakhiwo ezahlukeneyo zinokulungiswa ukuze zilungele uluhlu oluthile lweefrikhwensi, iimfuno ze-polarization, amanqanaba okufumana kunye neendawo zokulinganisa.
Kwiinjineli ezikhetha i-antenna ye-horn, uluhlu lwamaza luqala kuphela. I-Gain, i-VSWR, i-beamwidth, i-polarization, i-waveguide okanye i-coaxial interface, ukuphathwa kwamandla kunye nobukhulu bomatshini zonke kufuneka zivavanywe ngokweemfuno zenkqubo epheleleyo ye-RF.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Agasti-21-2026
