Imitha ligama elichaza amandla amaza e-electromagnetic adluliselwa okanye afunyanwa yi-antenna. Kuyo nayiphi na imizekelo ye-antenna, umzobo obonisa iimpawu zemitha ye-antenna waziwa njengepateni yayo yemitha. Ngokujonga ipateni yemitha, umntu unokuqonda ngokubonakalayo ukusebenza kunye nolwalathiso lwe-antenna. Amandla akhutshwa yi-antenna achaphazela zombini iindawo ezikufutshane nentsimi kunye neendawo ezikude.
Ngokwemizobo, imitha inokubonakaliswa njengomsebenzi wendawo ye-angular ye-antenna kunye nomgama we-radial. Lo msebenzi wezibalo uchaza iimpawu zemitha ye-antenna, ezihlala zimelwa yintsimi yombane u-E(θ,ϕ) kunye nentsimi yemagnethi u-H(θ,ϕ) kwii-correlates ezijikelezayo.
Ipatheni yoMbane
Amandla akhutshwa yi-antenna abonakaliswa yipateni yayo yemitha. Ipateni yemitha yindlela echaza ngayo indlela amandla akhutshwayo asasazwa ngayo esibhakabhakeni njengomsebenzi wesikhokelo. Ngoku makhe sijonge iipateni eziqhelekileyo zemitha yamandla.
Umfanekiso ongentla ubonisa ipateni yemitha ye-antenna ye-dipole. Amandla akhutshwayo amelwe yipateni edwetshwe kwicala elithile, kunye neentolo ezibonisa icala lemitha. Iipateni zemitha zingahlulwahlulwa njengeepateni zentsimi okanye iipateni zamandla.
•Ipateni yentsimi ngumsebenzi wamandla ombane kunye nemagnethi kwaye idla ngokudwetshwa kwisikali se-logarithmic.
•Ipateni yamandla ngumsebenzi wesikwere sobukhulu bentsimi yombane kunye nemagnethi kwaye idla ngokudweliswa kwisikali se-logarithmic, oko kukuthi, kwi-dB.
Ipateni yemitha ye-3D
Ipateni yemitha ye-3D yigrafu enemilinganiselo emithathu edwetshwe kwii-coordinates ezingqukuva (r,θ,ϕ), apho imvelaphi yayo isembindini wenkqubo ye-coordinates. Ibonakala njengoko kubonisiwe kumfanekiso ongezantsi —
Lo mfanekiso ubonisa ipateni yemitha ye-3D ye-antenna ejikelezayo, ebonisa ngokucacileyo ii-axes ezintathu ze-coordinate (x, y, z).
Ipateni yemitha ye-2D
Ipateni yemitha ye-2D ingafunyanwa ngokwahlula ipateni ye-3D ibe ziiplani ezithe tye nezithe nkqo. Iipateni ezimbini eziphumayo zibizwa ngokuba yipateni yeplani ethe tye kunye nepateni yeplani ethe tye, ngokulandelelana.
Njengoko kukhankanyiwe apha ngasentla, umfanekiso ubonisa ipateni yemitha ye-antenna ejikelezayo kwi-H-plane nakwi-V-plane. I-H-plane imele ipateni ethe tye, ngelixa i-V-plane imele ipateni ethe nkqo.
Ukwakheka kweLobe
Kwindlela yokumelwa kweepateni zemitha, kudla ngokufunyanwa iimilo ezahlukeneyo, ezibonisa iindawo ezinkulu nezincinci zemitha. Ezi ndawo zinceda ekuvavanyeni ukusebenza kakuhle kwemitha ye-antenna. Ukuze uqonde ngcono, jonga umfanekiso ongezantsi, obonisa ipateni yemitha ye-antenna ye-dipole.
Kwipateni yemitha, ngokuqhelekileyo kukho i-lobe ephambili, i-side lobes, kunye ne-back lobe.
•Inxalenye ephambili yentsimi efumana imisebe, egubungela indawo enkulu, ibizwa ngokuba yi-main lobe okanye i-main beam. Kulapho amandla aphezulu afumana imisebe eqokelelene khona, kwaye ulwalathiso lwayo lubonisa indlela i-antenna ekhokela ngayo.
•Ezinye iindawo zepateni yemitha ezisasazwa ecaleni zibizwa ngokuba zii-side lobes okanye ii-minor lobes. Ezi ziindawo apho amandla achitheka khona.
•Ukongeza, kukho i-lobe ejonge ngqo ecaleni kwe-lobe ephambili, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-back lobe, ekwaluhlobo lwe-side lobe. Amandla amaninzi ayachithwa apha.
Umzekelo
Ukuba i-antenna esetyenziswa kwinkqubo ye-radar ivelisa ii-side lobes, ukulandelela iithagethi kuba nzima kakhulu. Oku kungenxa yokuba ezi side lobes zizisa iithagethi ezingezizo. Ukwahlula iithagethi zokwenyani kwezingachanekanga kuyingxaki enkulu. Ke ngoko, ukuphucula ukusebenza nokonga amandla, ezi side lobes kufuneka zicinezelwe okanye zisuswe.
Indlela yokulungisa
Amandla akhutshwayo ngolu hlobo kufuneka asetyenziswe. Ukuba la mandla mancinci anokususwa aze loo mandla aqondiswe kwicala elinye—oko kukuthi, aye kwi-lobe ephambili—ulwalathiso lwe-antenna luyanda, ngaloo ndlela luphucula ukusebenza kwayo.
Iintlobo zeePatheni zeMisebe
Iindidi eziqhelekileyo zeepateni zemitha ziquka:
•Ipateni ye-Omnidirectional (ekwabizwa ngokuba yipateni engangqalanga): Le pateni idla ngokubonakala njengemilo yedonathi kumbono we-3D, ngelixa kumbono we-2D yenza ipateni yesibalo-esibhozo.
•Iphethini yePensile: Umqadi ubonisa imilo ebukhali, efana nepensile ebhekisa kwicala.
•Iphethini yeBeam yeFan: Ibeam iba yiphethini efana nefeni.
•Ipateni yeMilo yeBeam: Umqadi ongalinganiyo ongenawo umzekelo oqhelekileyo ubizwa ngokuba yipateni yemilo yebeam.
Ingongoma ebhekisa kuzo zonke ezi ntlobo zemitha yimitha ye-isotropic. Nangona imitha ye-isotropic ingenakubonwa ngokwasemzimbeni, isabalulekile.
Ukuze ufunde okungakumbi ngee-antenna, nceda undwendwele:
Ixesha lokuthumela: Epreli-10-2026
