Ukuqhubeka nengxoxo yangaphambili, nangona ii-antenna ziza ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, zinokuhlulwahlulwa ngokubanzi ngokusekelwe kufana.
Ngokwe-wavelength: ii-antenna ze-medium-wave, ii-antenna ze-short-wave, ii-antenna ze-ultra-short-wave, ii-antenna ze-microwave...
Ngokwendlela esebenza ngayo: ii-antenna ezifumana inzuzo ephezulu, ii-antenna ezifumana inzuzo ephakathi...
Ngokwezikhokelo: ii-antenna ezibhekisa kwicala ngalinye, ii-antenna ezibhekisa kwicala ngalinye, ii-antenna zecandelo...
Ngokwesicelo: ii-antenna zesikhululo sesiseko, ii-antenna zikamabonwakude, ii-antenna zeradar, ii-antenna zerediyo...
Ngokwesakhiwo: ii-antenna zentambo,ii-antenna ezicwangcisiweyo...
Ngokwendlela yenkqubo: ii-antenna zento enye, uluhlu lwee-antenna...
Namhlanje siza kugxila ekuxoxeni ngee-antenna zesikhululo seenqwelo-moya.
Ii-antenna zesikhululo sesiseko ziyinxalenye yenkqubo ye-antenna yesikhululo sesiseko kwaye ziyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yenkqubo yonxibelelwano oluhambayo. Ii-antenna zesikhululo sesiseko zihlala zahlulwe zibe zii-antenna zangaphakathi nezangaphandle. Ii-antenna zangaphakathi zihlala ziquka ii-antenna ze-silingi ezijikelezayo kunye nee-antenna ezibekwe eludongeni. Siza kugxila kwii-antenna zangaphandle, ezahlulwe zibe ziintlobo ze-omnidirectional kunye ne-directional. Ii-antenna ezikhokelayo zahlulwe ngakumbi zibe zii-antenna ezikhokelayo ezi-single-polarized kunye nee-antenna ezikhokelayo ezi-dual-polarized. Yintoni i-polarization? Ungakhathazeki, siza kuxoxa ngaloo nto kamva. Masiqale sithethe ngee-antenna ezikhokelayo nezikhokelayo. Njengoko igama lisitsho, i-antenna ekhokelayo ithumela kwaye ifumana imiqondiso kuzo zonke iindlela, ngelixa i-antenna ekhokelayo ithumela kwaye ifumana imiqondiso kwicala elithile.
Ii-antenna zangaphandle ezibonisa yonke into zibukeka ngolu hlobo:
Ngokusisiseko yinduku, ezinye zityebile, ezinye zincinci.
Xa kuthelekiswa nee-antenna ezisebenzisa i-omnidirectional, ii-antenna ezisebenzisa i-directional zezona zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwiindawo zokwenyani.
Ixesha elininzi, ijongeka njengephaneli ethe tyaba, yiyo loo nto ibizwa ngokuba yi-antenna yepaneli.
I-antenna ejikelezayo ikakhulu iqulathe ezi ndawo zilandelayo:
Into ekhupha imitha (i-dipole)
Isixhobo sokubonisa (ipleyiti esisiseko)
Inethiwekhi yokusasazwa kwamandla (inethiwekhi yokondla)
Ukufakwa kwe-capsulation kunye nokukhusela (i-antenna radome)
Ngaphambili, sibone ezo zinto zikhanyisayo ezimile ngendlela engaqhelekanga, ezizezona zinto zikhanyisayo zee-antenna zesikhululo sesiseko. Ngaba ukhe waqaphela ukuba ii-engile zezi zinto zikhanyisayo zilandela iphethini ethile: zikwimo "+" okanye "×".
Oku koko besikubiza ngaphambili ngokuthi "ukuqhekeka".
Xa amaza erediyo esasazeka esibhakabhakeni, indlela esebenza ngayo intsimi yawo yombane iyatshintsha ngokwendlela ethile; le nto ibizwa ngokuba yi-polarization yamaza erediyo.
Ukuba icala lentsimi yombane le-electromagnetic wave lithe nkqo emhlabeni, silibiza ngokuba yi-vertical polarized wave. Ngokufanayo, ukuba lihambelana nomhlaba, liyi-horizontal polarized wave. Ukongeza, kukwakho ne-±45° polarizations.
Ngaphezu koko, icala lentsimi yombane linokuba lijikeleza ngokujikeleza, okubizwa ngokuba yi-elliptically polarized wave.
Ukuphola kabini kuthetha ukuba izinto ezimbini ze-antenna zidityaniswe ngaphakathi kweyunithi enye, zenze amaza amabini azimeleyo.
Ukusebenzisa ii-antenna ezi-dual-polarized kunokunciphisa inani lee-antenna ezifunekayo ukuze kugqunywe iiseli, kunciphise iimfuno zokufakelwa kwee-antenna, kwaye ngaloo ndlela kuncitshiswe utyalo-mali, ngelixa kuqinisekiswa ukuba zigqunywe ngempumelelo. Ngamafutshane, zibonelela ngeenzuzo ezininzi.
Siyaqhubeka nengxoxo yethu ngee-antenna ezibhekisa kwicala ngalinye kunye nezibhekisa kwicala ngalinye.
Kutheni ii-antenna ezilawula indlela yemitha yesiginali?
Masiqale sijonge umzobo:
Olu hlobo lomzobo lubizwa ngokuba yipateni yemitha ye-antenna.
Ngenxa yokuba isithuba sinobukhulu obuthathu, le mbono ukusuka phezulu ukuya ezantsi kunye nombono ukusuka phambili ukuya ngasemva zibonelela ngendlela ecacileyo neqondakalayo yokujonga ukusasazwa kobunzulu bemitha ye-antenna.
Umfanekiso ongentla ukwangumfanekiso wemitha ye-antenna eveliswa zii-dipoles ezimbini ezilinganayo ze-half-wave, ezifana netayara elele phantsi.
Ukuthetha ngayo, enye yezona mpawu zibalulekileyo ze-antenna luluhlu lwayo lwemitha.
Singayenza njani le antenna ikhanye ngakumbi?
Impendulo yile—ngokuyibetha!
Ngoku umgama wemitha uza kuba mkhulu kakhulu...
Ingxaki kukuba, imitha ayibonakali kwaye ayibonakali; awunakuyibona okanye uyichukumise, kwaye awunakuyifota.
Kwithiyori ye-antenna, ukuba ufuna "ukuyibetha", indlela echanekileyo kukunyusa inani lezinto ezikhupha imitha.
Okukhona izinto ezikhanyayo zisiba mhlophe ngakumbi, kokukhona ipateni yemitha iba mhlophe...
Kulungile, itayara ibekwe yaba yidiski, uluhlu lwesignali lunwetshiwe, kwaye lukhanya kuzo zonke iindlela, iidigri ezingama-360; yi-antenna ejikelezayo. Olu hlobo lwe-antenna lulungele ukusetyenziswa kwiindawo ezikude nezivulekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, kwisixeko, olu hlobo lwe-antenna kunzima ukulusebenzisa ngokufanelekileyo.
Kwizixeko, apho kukho abantu abaninzi kunye nezakhiwo ezininzi, kudla ngokufuneka kusetyenziswe ii-antenna ezibhekisa kwicala elithile ukuze kubonelelwe ngemiqondiso kwiindawo ezithile.
Ngoko ke, kufuneka "sitshintshe" i-antenna ebhekisa kwicala ngalinye.
Okokuqala, kufuneka sifumane indlela "yokucinezela" icala elinye layo:
Siyicinezela njani? Sifaka i-reflector size siyibeke kwicala elinye. Emva koko, sisebenzisa ii-transducers ezininzi "ukugxila" kumaza esandi.
Okokugqibela, ipateni yemitha esiyifumeneyo ibukeka ngolu hlobo:
Kulo mzobo, ilobe enomlinganiselo ophezulu wemitha ibizwa ngokuba yilobe ephambili, ngelixa ilobe eziseleyo zibizwa ngokuba yilobe esecaleni okanye ilobe yesibini, kwaye kukwakho nomsila omncinci ngasemva obizwa ngokuba yilobe engasemva.
Uh, le milo ifana kancinci... neqanda?
Ngokuphathelele esi "sityalo seqanda," ungasisebenzisa njani ukuze sikhuseleke ngakumbi?
Ukuyibamba umi esitalatweni ngokuqinisekileyo akuyi kusebenza; kukho imiqobo emininzi kakhulu.
Okukhona umi phezulu, kokukhona ubona kude, ngoko ke ngokuqinisekileyo kufuneka sijonge kwindawo ephakamileyo.
Xa ukwindawo ephakamileyo, uyijolisa njani i-antenna ezantsi? Kulula kakhulu, yijongise nje i-antenna ezantsi, akunjalo?
Ewe, ukuthambekisa i-antenna ngqo ngexesha lokufakwa yenye indlela, esiyibiza ngokuba yi-"mechanical downtilting."
Zonke ii-antenna zanamhlanje ziyakwazi ukwenza oku ngexesha lokufakelwa; ingalo yoomatshini iyayinyamekela.
Nangona kunjalo, ukuhla kwe-mechanical downtil kukwabangela ingxaki—
Xa usebenzisa i-mechanical downtilting, i-amplitudes yezinto ezithe nkqo nezithe tye ze-antenna azitshintshi, nto leyo ebangela ukuphambuka okukhulu kwepateni ye-antenna.
Oku ngokuqinisekileyo akuyi kusebenza, njengoko kuya kuchaphazela ukugqunywa kwesiginali. Ngoko ke, sasebenzisa enye indlela, eyokuhlisa isantya ngombane, okanye ukuhlisa isantya ngombane.
Ngamafutshane, ukuhla kombane kubandakanya ukugcina i-engile yomzimba we-antenna ingatshintshanga, kunye nokulungisa isigaba sezinto ze-antenna ukutshintsha amandla entsimi.
Xa kuthelekiswa nokuhla kombane, ii-antenna ezihla ngombane azibonisi tshintsho lukhulu kwindlela ezisebenzisa ngayo imitha, zivumela ii-angles ezinkulu zokuhla, kwaye zombini i-lobe ephambili kunye ne-lobe engasemva zijongiswe ezantsi.
Kakade ke, xa kusetyenziswa izinto ezibonakalayo, ukuhla koomatshini kunye nokuhla kombane kudla ngokusetyenziswa kunye.
Emva kokusebenzisa i-downtilt, kubonakala ngolu hlobo:
Kule meko, uluhlu oluphambili lwemitha ye-antenna lusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo.
Nangona kunjalo, iingxaki zisekho:
1. Kukho i-null kwipateni yemitha phakathi kwe-lobe ephambili kunye ne-lobe esecaleni esezantsi, nto leyo eyenza indawo engabonakaliyo yesignali kuloo ndawo. Oku kudla ngokubizwa ngokuba yi-"shadow effect."
2. Icala eliphezulu line-engile ephezulu, echaphazela iindawo ezikude kakhulu kwaye ibangela lula ukuphazamiseka phakathi kweeseli, oko kuthetha ukuba isignali iya kuchaphazela ezinye iiseli.
Ngoko ke, simele sizabalazele ukugcwalisa isithuba "kwi-null deep esezantsi" size sicinezele amandla "e-upper sidelobe."
Iindlela ezithile ziquka ukulungisa inqanaba le-sidelobe kunye nokusebenzisa iindlela ezifana ne-beamforming. Iinkcukacha zobugcisa zinzima kancinci. Ukuba unomdla, ungakhangela ulwazi olufanelekileyo ngokwakho.
Ukuze ufunde okungakumbi ngee-antenna, nceda undwendwele:
Ixesha leposi: Disemba-04-2025
