I-polarization yenye yeempawu ezisisiseko zee-eriyali. Okokuqala kufuneka siqonde i-polarization yamaza endiza. Emva koko sinokuxoxa ngeentlobo eziphambili ze-antenna polarization.
i-polarization yomgca
Siza kuqala ukuqonda i-polarization ye-plane electromagnetic wave.
Iplani ye-electromagnetic (EM) wave ineempawu ezininzi. Eyokuqala kukuba amandla ahamba kwicala elinye (akukho tshintsho lwentsimi kwiindlela ezimbini ze-orthogonal). Okwesibini, intsimi yombane kunye nentsimi yamagnetic i-perpendicular omnye komnye kunye ne-orthogonal omnye komnye. Iindawo zombane kunye nemagnethi zithe gqolo kwicala losasazo lwamaza endiza. Njengomzekelo, qwalasela indawo yombane ye-frequency enye (i-E field) enikwe yi-equation (1). Umhlaba we-electromagnetic uhamba kwicala le +z. Indawo yombane iqondiswe kwicala le +x. Umhlaba wemagnethi ukwicala +y.
Kwinxaki (1), jonga ubhalo: . Le yiyunithi yevektha (ivektha yobude), ethi indawo yombane ikwicala lika x. Ilaza lenqwelomoya libonakaliswe kuMfanekiso 1.
umfanekiso 1. Umboniso womzobo wendawo yombane ehamba kwicala le +z.
I-Polarization yindlela yokulandela kunye nokusabalalisa (i-contour) yendawo yombane. Ngokomzekelo, qwalasela i-equation yentsimi yombane yendiza (1). Siza kuqwalasela indawo apho indawo yombane (X, Y, Z) = (0,0,0) njengomsebenzi wexesha. I-amplitude yale ntsimi icwangciswe kwi-Figure 2, kwiimeko ezininzi ngexesha. Ibala lijikeleza rhoqo "F".
umfanekiso 2. Qaphela indawo yombane (X, Y, Z) = (0,0,0) ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo.
Intsimi yombane ibonwa kwimvelaphi, i-oscillating ngasemva naphambili kwi-amplitude. Indawo yombane isoloko isecaleni kwe-x-axis ebonisiweyo. Ekubeni intsimi yombane igcinwe ecaleni komgca omnye, le ntsimi inokuthiwa i-polarized linearly. Ukongeza, ukuba i-X-axis ihambelana nomhlaba, le ndawo ikwachazwa njengepolarized ngokuthe tye. Ukuba intsimi ijoliswe ecaleni kwe-Y-axis, i-wave inokuthiwa ibekwe ngokuthe nkqo.
Amaza agqagqeneyo ngokomgca akufuneki ukuba alathiswe kwi-axi ethe tye okanye ethe nkqo. Ngokomzekelo, i-wave ye-electric field wave kunye nomqobo olele emgceni njengoko kubonisiwe kuMzobo we-3 nawo uya kuhlanjululwa ngomgca.
umfanekiso 3. Intsimi yombane i-amplitude ye-linearly polarized wave ene-angle trajectory.
Intsimi yombane kwi-Figure 3 inokuchazwa nge-equation (2). Ngoku kukho u-x kunye no-y inxalenye yendawo yombane. Omabini amacandelo ayalingana ngobukhulu.
Enye into ekufuneka uyiqaphele malunga ne-equation (2) yi-xy-component kunye nemimandla ye-elektroniki kwinqanaba lesibini. Oku kuthetha ukuba omabini la macandelo ane-amplitude efanayo ngamaxesha onke.
i-polarization ejikelezayo
Ngoku cinga ukuba indawo yombane yezambuku zenqwelomoya inikwa nge-equation (3):
Kule meko, i-X- kunye ne-Y-elementi ziyi-90 degrees ngaphandle kwesigaba. Ukuba ibala lijongwa njenge (X, Y, Z) = (0,0,0) kwakhona njengangaphambili, ibala lombane elichasene nejika lexesha liya kuvela njengoko kuboniswe ngezantsi kuMfanekiso 4.
Umzobo 4. Amandla ombane ombane (X, Y, Z) = (0,0,0) i-EQ domain. (3).
Intsimi yombane kwi-Figure 4 ijikeleza kwisangqa. Olu hlobo lwentsimi luchazwa njengesangqa se-polarized wave. Ukulungiselela i-circular polarization, le migaqo ilandelayo kufuneka ifezekiswe:
- Umgangatho wepolarization yesetyhula
- Indawo yombane kufuneka ibe namacandelo amabini e-orthogonal (perpendicular).
- Amacandelo e-orthogonal yentsimi yombane kufuneka abe ne-amplitudes elinganayo.
- Amacandelo equadrature kufuneka abe ngama-90 degrees ngaphandle kwesigaba.
Ukuba uhamba kwi-Wave Figure 4 kwesikrini, ukujikeleza kwendawo kuthiwa kuchasene ne-clockwise kunye ne-right-handed circularly polarized (RHCP). Ukuba intsimi ijikeleziswa ngendlela yewotshi, intsimi iya kuba yi-left-handed circular polarization (LHCP).
I-elliptical polarization
Ukuba intsimi yombane inamacandelo amabini e-perpendicular, i-90 degrees ngaphandle kwesigaba kodwa ubukhulu obulinganayo, intsimi iya kuba yi-elliptically polarized. Uthathela ingqalelo indawo yombane yeliza lenqwelomoya ehamba kwicala elingu-+z, elichazwa yi-Equation (4):
Indawo yendawo apho incam ye-vector yendawo yombane iya kuthatha khona inikwe kuMfanekiso 5.
Umzobo 5. Intsimi yombane ekhawulezayo ye-elliptical polarization. (4).
Ibala elikuMfanekiso 5, lihamba kwicala elichasene newotshi, liya kuba li-elliptical ngesandla sasekunene ukuba liphuma kwiscreen. Ukuba i-vector yentsimi yombane ijikeleza kwicala elichaseneyo, intsimi iya kuba yi-left-handed elliptically polarized.
Ngaphaya koko, i-elliptical polarization ibhekisa kwi-eccentricity yayo. Umlinganiselo we-eccentricity ukuya ku-amplitude yee-axes ezinkulu nezincinci. Umzekelo, i-eccentricity yamaza ukusuka kwi-equation (4) ngu-1/0.3= 3.33. Amaza e-Elliptically polarized achazwa ngakumbi ngesalathiso se-axis enkulu. I-equation yamaza (4) ine-axis equka umgca ongu-x. Qaphela ukuba i-axis enkulu ingaba kuyo nayiphi na i-angle yendiza. I-engile ayidingeki ukuba ilingane i-X, Y okanye i-axis engu-Z. Ekugqibeleni, kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba zombini iisetyhula kunye ne-linear polarization ziimeko ezikhethekileyo ze-elliptical polarization. I-1.0 i-eccentric elliptically polarized wave yi-circularly polarized wave. Amaza e-Elliptically polarized ane-eccentricity engapheliyo. Amaza acandekileyo ngokwemigca.
I-antenna polarization
Ngoku njengoko sisazi ngamaza e-electromagnetic plane wave fields, i-polarization ye-eriyali ichazwa ngokulula.
I-antenna Polarization Uphononongo lwe-eriyali ekude, i-polarization yesiphumo sommandla wemitha. Ke ngoko, ii-eriyali zihlala zidweliswe njenge "linearly polarized" okanye "isandla sasekunene sesangqa se-eriyali".
Le ngcamango ilula ibalulekile kunxibelelwano lwe-eriyali. Okokuqala, i-eriyali enqamlezileyo ethe tyaba ayizukunxibelelana ne-eriyali ethe nkqo. Ngenxa yethiyori yokubuyisana, i-eriyali idlulisela kwaye ifumane ngendlela efanayo. Ke ngoko, ii-eriyali ezithe nkqo ezipolarized zisasaza kwaye zifumana iindawo ezithe nkqo. Ke ngoko, ukuba uzama ukuhambisa i-eriyali epholileyo ethe tyaba ngokuthe tye, akuyi kubakho kwamkelwa.
Kwimeko eqhelekileyo, kwii-eriyali ezimbini ezicandekileyo ezijikelwe ngokunxulumene enye kwenye nge-engile ( ), ilahleko yamandla ngenxa yoku kungqubana kwepolarization kuya kuchazwa yi-polarization loss factor (PLF):
Ke ngoko, ukuba ii-eriyali ezimbini zinepolarization efanayo, i-engile phakathi kweendawo zazo ze-electron ezikhuphayo nguziro kwaye akukho lahleko yamandla ngenxa yokungahambelani kwepolarization. Ukuba i-eriyali enye imiswe ngokuthe nkqo kwaye enye ibekwe ngokuthe tye, i-engile yi-90 degrees, kwaye akukho mandla aya kudluliselwa.
QAPHELA: Ukuhambisa ifowuni phezu kwentloko yakho kwii-engile ezahlukeneyo kuchaza ukuba kutheni ulwamkelo ngamanye amaxesha lunokwandiswa. Ii-eriyali zeselfowuni zihlala zicazululwa ngokwemigca, ngoko ke ukujikelezisa ifowuni kunokusoloko kuhambelana ne-polarization yefowuni, ngaloo ndlela kuphuculwe ulwamkelo.
I-circular polarization luphawu olunqwenelekayo lwee-eriyali ezininzi. Zombini ii-eriyali zenziwe ngesangqa kwaye azikhathazwa kukulahlekelwa ngumqondiso ngenxa yokungahambelani kwepolarization. Ii-eriyali ezisetyenziswa kwiinkqubo ze-GPS zicatshulwe ngasekunene ngasekunene.
Ngoku cinga ukuba i-eriyali ecazululweyo yomgca ifumana amaza ajikelezayo. Ngokulinganayo, cinga ukuba i-eriyali ejikelezayo ejikelezayo izama ukufumana amaza e-polarized. Yintoni isiphumo selahleko yepolarization?
Khumbula ukuba i-polarization yesetyhula ngokwenene ngamaza amabini e-orthogonal e-polarized, i-90 degrees ngaphandle kwesigaba. Ngoko ke, i-antenna ye-linearly polarized (LP) iya kufumana kuphela icandelo lesigaba se-circularly polarized (CP). Ngoko ke, i-antenna ye-LP iya kuba ne-polarization mismatch loss of 0.5 (-3dB). Oku kuyinyani nokuba yeyiphi iengile i-eriyali ye-LP ijikeleziswayo. ke ngoko:
Ilahleko yepolarization ngamanye amaxesha ibizwa ngokuba yimpumelelo yepolarization, i-eriyali engafaniyo, okanye into yolwamkelo lwe-eriyali. Onke la magama abhekisa kwinto enye.
Ixesha lokuposa: Dec-22-2023
