Ngokuthandwa kwezixhobo ezingenazingcingo, iinkonzo zedatha zingene kwixesha elitsha lophuhliso olukhawulezayo, okwaziwa ngokuba kukukhula okukhulu kweenkonzo zedatha. Okwangoku, inani elikhulu lezicelo lihamba kancinci kancinci ukusuka kwiikhompyutha ukuya kwizixhobo ezingenazingcingo ezifana neefowuni eziphathwayo ezilula ukuzithwala nokuzisebenzisa ngexesha langempela, kodwa le meko ikhokelele ekwandeni ngokukhawuleza kwethrafikhi yedatha kunye nokunqongophala kwezixhobo ze-bandwidth. Ngokwezibalo, izinga ledatha kwimarike linokufikelela kwi-Gbps okanye kwi-Tbps kwiminyaka eli-10 ukuya kweli-15 ezayo. Okwangoku, unxibelelwano lwe-THz lufikelele kwizinga ledatha ye-Gbps, ngelixa izinga ledatha ye-Tbps lisekwinqanaba lokuqala lophuhliso. Iphepha elinxulumene nalo lidwelisa inkqubela yamva nje kumazinga edatha ye-Gbps asekelwe kwi-THz band kwaye liqikelela ukuba i-Tbps inokufumaneka nge-polarization multiplexing. Ke ngoko, ukwandisa izinga lokudluliselwa kwedatha, isisombululo esinokwenzeka kukuphuhlisa ibhendi entsha yefrikhwensi, eyi-terahertz band, ekwi "ndawo engenanto" phakathi kwee-microwave kunye nokukhanya kwe-infrared. KwiNgqungquthela yeRadiocommunication yeHlabathi ye-ITU (i-WRC-19) ngo-2019, uluhlu lwamaza oluyi-275-450GHz lusetyenzisiwe kwiinkonzo ezisisigxina nezihambayo emhlabeni. Kuyabonakala ukuba iinkqubo zonxibelelwano ezingenazingcingo ze-terahertz zitsale ingqalelo yabaphandi abaninzi.
Amaza e-electromagnetic eTerahertz achazwa ngokubanzi njengebhendi yefrikhwensi ye-0.1-10THz (1THz=1012Hz) enobude bomda obuyi-0.03-3 mm. Ngokomgangatho we-IEEE, amaza e-terahertz achazwa njenge-0.3-10THz. Umfanekiso 1 ubonisa ukuba ibhendi yefrikhwensi ye-terahertz iphakathi kwee-microwave kunye nokukhanya kwe-infrared.
Umzobo 1 Umzobo wesicwangciso sebhendi yefrikhwensi ye-THz.
Uphuhliso lwee-Antennas zeTerahertz
Nangona uphando lwe-terahertz lwaqala ngenkulungwane ye-19, aluzange lufundwe njengentsimi ezimeleyo ngelo xesha. Uphando ngemitha ye-terahertz lwalugxile kakhulu kwi-far-infrared band. Kwakungekho de kwaba phakathi ukuya ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yama-20 apho abaphandi baqala ukuqhubela phambili uphando lwamaza e-millimeter kwi-terahertz band kwaye benza uphando olukhethekileyo lwetekhnoloji ye-terahertz.
Kwiminyaka yoo-1980, ukuvela kwemithombo yemitha ye-terahertz kwenza ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwamaza e-terahertz kwiinkqubo ezisebenzayo kube nokwenzeka. Ukususela kwinkulungwane yama-21, iteknoloji yonxibelelwano engenazingcingo iphuhlise ngokukhawuleza, kwaye imfuno yabantu yolwazi kunye nokwanda kwezixhobo zonxibelelwano kubeke phambili iimfuno ezingqongqo kwizinga lokudluliselwa kwedatha yonxibelelwano. Ke ngoko, omnye wemingeni yetekhnoloji yonxibelelwano yexesha elizayo kukusebenza ngesantya esiphezulu sedatha ye-gigabits ngomzuzwana kwindawo enye. Phantsi kophuhliso lwangoku loqoqosho, izixhobo ze-spectrum ziye zanqongophala ngakumbi. Nangona kunjalo, iimfuno zabantu zomthamo wonxibelelwano kunye nesantya azipheli. Kwingxaki yokuxinana kwe-spectrum, iinkampani ezininzi zisebenzisa itekhnoloji ye-multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-spectrum kunye nomthamo wenkqubo ngokusebenzisa i-spatial multiplexing. Ngokuhambela phambili kwenethiwekhi ye-5G, isantya soqhagamshelo lwedatha somsebenzisi ngamnye siya kudlula i-Gbps, kwaye ithrafikhi yedatha yezikhululo zesiseko nayo iya kwanda kakhulu. Kwiinkqubo zonxibelelwano zamaza ze-millimeter zemveli, amakhonkco e-microwave akayi kukwazi ukuphatha le mithombo yedatha inkulu. Ukongeza, ngenxa yempembelelo yomgca wokubona, umgama wokudluliselwa konxibelelwano lwe-infrared mfutshane kwaye indawo yezixhobo zonxibelelwano zayo ayiguquki. Ke ngoko, amaza e-THZ, aphakathi kwee-microwave kunye ne-infrared, anokusetyenziswa ukwakha iinkqubo zonxibelelwano ezikhawulezayo kunye nokunyusa amazinga okudluliselwa kwedatha ngokusebenzisa iikhonkco ze-THZ.
Amaza eTerahertz anokubonelela nge-bandwidth ebanzi yonxibelelwano, kwaye uluhlu lwayo lwamaza lumalunga ne-1000 lonxibelelwano lweselula. Ke ngoko, ukusebenzisa i-THZ ukwakha iinkqubo zonxibelelwano ezingenazingcingo ezikhawulezayo kakhulu sisisombululo esithembisayo kwimingeni yamazinga aphezulu edatha, nto leyo ethe yatsala umdla wamaqela amaninzi ophando kunye namashishini. NgoSeptemba 2017, umgangatho wokuqala wonxibelelwano olungenazingcingo we-THZ i-IEEE 802.15.3d-2017 wakhutshwa, ochaza utshintshiselwano lwedatha oluya kwindawo ethile kuluhlu oluphantsi lwe-THZ lwamaza angama-252-325 GHz. Umaleko ongezelelweyo womzimba (PHY) wekhonkco unokufikelela kumazinga edatha ukuya kuthi ga kwi-100 Gbps kwii-bandwidth ezahlukeneyo.
Inkqubo yokuqala yonxibelelwano ye-THZ ephumeleleyo ye-0.12 THz yasekwa ngo-2004, kwaye inkqubo yonxibelelwano ye-THZ ye-0.3 THz yaqaliswa ngo-2013. Itheyibhile 1 idwelisa inkqubela phambili yophando lweenkqubo zonxibelelwano ze-terahertz eJapan ukususela ngo-2004 ukuya ku-2013.
Itheyibhile 1 Inkqubela phambili yophando lweenkqubo zonxibelelwano ze-terahertz eJapan ukususela ngo-2004 ukuya ku-2013
Ulwakhiwo lwe-antenna yenkqubo yonxibelelwano eyaphuhliswa ngo-2004 luchazwe ngokweenkcukacha yiNippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation (NTT) ngo-2005. Ulwakhiwo lwe-antenna lwaziswa kwiimeko ezimbini, njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 2.
Umfanekiso 2 Umzobo wesicwangciso senkqubo yonxibelelwano engenazingcingo yaseJapan i-NTT 120 GHz
Le nkqubo idibanisa ukuguqulwa kwe-photoelectric kunye ne-antenna kwaye isebenzisa iindlela ezimbini zokusebenza:
1. Kwimeko-bume yangaphakathi ekufutshane, i-planar antenna transmitter esetyenziswa ngaphakathi ine-single-line carrier photodiode (UTC-PD) chip, i-planar slot antenna kunye ne-silicon lens, njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 2(a).
2. Kwindawo engaphandle ekude, ukuze kuphuculwe impembelelo yokulahleka okukhulu kokudluliselwa kunye novakalelo oluphantsi lwesixhobo sokufumana umbane, i-antenna yokudlulisela kufuneka ibe ne-gain ephezulu. I-antenna ekhoyo ye-terahertz isebenzisa ilensi ye-Gaussian optical ene-gain engaphezulu kwe-50 dBi. Indibaniselwano ye-feed horn kunye nelensi ye-dielectric iboniswe kuMfanekiso 2(b).
Ukongeza ekuphuhliseni inkqubo yonxibelelwano ye-0.12 THz, i-NTT ikwaphuhlise inkqubo yonxibelelwano ye-0.3THz ngo-2012. Ngokusebenzisa ukulungiswa okuqhubekayo, izinga lokudlulisela linokufikelela kwi-100Gbps. Njengoko kunokubonwa kwiTheyibhile 1, ibe negalelo elikhulu kuphuhliso lonxibelelwano lwe-terahertz. Nangona kunjalo, umsebenzi wophando wangoku uneengxaki zokusebenza rhoqo, ubungakanani obukhulu kunye neendleko eziphezulu.
Uninzi lwee-antenna ze-terahertz ezisetyenziswayo ngoku ziguqulwe ukusuka kwii-antenna ze-millimeter wave, kwaye akukho tshintsho luninzi kwii-antenna ze-terahertz. Ke ngoko, ukuze kuphuculwe ukusebenza kweenkqubo zonxibelelwano ze-terahertz, umsebenzi obalulekileyo kukuphucula ii-antenna ze-terahertz. Itheyibhile 2 idwelisa inkqubela yophando lonxibelelwano lwe-German THz. Umfanekiso 3 (a) ubonisa inkqubo yonxibelelwano engenazingcingo ye-THZ emeleyo edibanisa ii-photonics kunye ne-elektroniki. Umfanekiso 3 (b) ubonisa indawo yovavanyo lwe-wind tunnel. Ukujonga imeko yophando yangoku eJamani, uphando kunye nophuhliso lwayo luneengxaki ezifana nokusebenza rhoqo okuphantsi, iindleko eziphezulu kunye nokusebenza kakuhle okuphantsi.
Itheyibhile 2 Inkqubela yophando lonxibelelwano lwe-THZ eJamani
Umfanekiso 3 Indawo yovavanyo lwe-Wind tunnel
IZiko le-ICT le-CSIRO liqalise uphando kwiinkqubo zonxibelelwano ezingenazingcingo zangaphakathi ze-THz. Eli ziko lifunde ubudlelwane phakathi konyaka kunye nesantya sonxibelelwano, njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 4. Njengoko kunokubonwa kuMfanekiso 4, ngo-2020, uphando malunga nonxibelelwano olungenazingcingo luthambekele kwibhendi ye-THz. Isantya esiphezulu sonxibelelwano sisebenzisa i-radio spectrum sinyuka malunga neshumi rhoqo emva kweminyaka engamashumi amabini. Eli ziko lenze iingcebiso malunga neemfuno zee-antenna ze-THz kwaye lacebisa ii-antenna zemveli ezifana neempondo kunye neelensi kwiinkqubo zonxibelelwano ze-THz. Njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 5, ii-antenna ezimbini zeempondo zisebenza kwi-0.84THz kunye ne-1.7THz ngokwahlukeneyo, ngesakhiwo esilula kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwe-Gaussian beam.
Umfanekiso 4 Ubudlelwane phakathi konyaka kunye nokuphindaphinda
RM-BDHA818-20A
RM-DCPHA105145-20
Umfanekiso 5 Iindidi ezimbini zee-antennas zeempondo
I-United States yenze uphando olunzulu malunga nokukhutshwa nokubonwa kwamaza e-terahertz. Iilabhoratri zophando ze-terahertz ezidumileyo ziquka iJet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), iStanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC), i-US National Laboratory (LLNL), iNational Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), iNational Science Foundation (NSF), njl. Kuye kwayilwa ii-antenna ezintsha ze-terahertz zezicelo ze-terahertz, ezifana nee-antenna ze-bowtie kunye nee-antenna zokuqhuba ze-frequency beam. Ngokwentuthuko yee-antenna ze-terahertz, sinokufumana izimvo ezintathu ezisisiseko zoyilo lwee-antenna ze-terahertz okwangoku, njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 6.
Umfanekiso 6 Iingcamango ezintathu ezisisiseko zoyilo lwee-antenna ze-terahertz
Olu hlalutyo lungentla lubonisa ukuba nangona amazwe amaninzi enike ingqalelo enkulu kwii-antenna ze-terahertz, isekwinqanaba lokuqala lokuhlola nophuhliso. Ngenxa yokulahleka okuphezulu kokusasazeka kunye nokufunxwa kweemolekyuli, ii-antenna ze-THZ zihlala zithintelwe ngumgama wokudluliselwa kunye nokugubungela. Ezinye izifundo zigxile kwizandi zokusebenza eziphantsi kwibhendi ye-THZ. Uphando lwe-antenna ye-terahertz ekhoyo lugxile kakhulu ekuphuculeni inzuzo ngokusebenzisa ii-antenna zelensi ze-dielectric, njl.njl., kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle konxibelelwano ngokusebenzisa ii-algorithms ezifanelekileyo. Ukongeza, indlela yokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kokupakishwa kwee-antenna ze-terahertz nayo yingxaki engxamisekileyo kakhulu.
Ii-antenna ze-THZ ngokubanzi
Kukho iintlobo ezininzi zee-antenna ze-THZ ezikhoyo: ii-antenna ze-dipole ezinee-conical cavities, ii-corner reflector arrays, ii-bowtie dipoles, ii-antenna ze-dielectric lens planar, ii-antenna ze-photoconductive zokuvelisa imithombo ye-THz source radiation, ii-antenna ze-horn, ii-antenna ze-THZ ezisekelwe kwizixhobo ze-graphene, njl. Ngokwezixhobo ezisetyenziselwa ukwenza ii-antenna ze-THZ, zinokwahlulwa zibe zii-antenna zesinyithi (ikakhulu ii-antenna ze-horn), ii-antenna ze-dielectric (ii-antenna ze-lens), kunye nee-antenna ezintsha zezinto. Eli candelo liqala linike uhlalutyo lokuqala lwale antenna, kwaye kwicandelo elilandelayo, ii-antenna ezintlanu eziqhelekileyo ze-THZ ziziswa ngokweenkcukacha kwaye zihlalutywe nzulu.
1. Ii-eriyali zesinyithi
I-antenna ye-horn yi-antenna eqhelekileyo yesinyithi eyenzelwe ukusebenza kwi-THz band. I-antenna ye-classic millimeter wave receiver yi-conical horn. Ii-antenna ze-corrugated kunye ne-dual-mode zineengenelo ezininzi, kubandakanya iipateni zemitha ezijikelezayo, i-gain ephezulu ye-20 ukuya kwi-30 dBi kunye nenqanaba eliphantsi le-cross-polarization le--30 dB, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwe-coupling ye-97% ukuya kwi-98%. Ii-bandwidths ezikhoyo zee-antenna ezimbini ze-horn yi-30%-40% kunye ne-6%-8%, ngokwahlukeneyo.
Ekubeni amaza e-terahertz ephindaphindeka kakhulu, ubungakanani be-antenna ye-horn buncinci kakhulu, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ukucutshungulwa kwe-horn kube nzima kakhulu, ingakumbi kuyilo lwee-antenna arrays, kwaye ubunzima beteknoloji yokucubungula bukhokelela kwiindleko ezigqithisileyo kunye nemveliso encinci. Ngenxa yobunzima bokwenza umgangatho woyilo lwe-horn oluntsonkothileyo, i-antenna elula ye-horn ngohlobo lwe-horn e-conical okanye e-conical idla ngokusetyenziswa, enokunciphisa ubunzima beendleko kunye nenkqubo, kwaye ukusebenza kwe-radiation ye-antenna kunokugcinwa kakuhle.
Enye i-antenna yesinyithi yi-antenna ye-traveling wave pyramid, equlathe i-antenna ye-traveling wave edityaniswe kwifilimu ye-dielectric ye-1.2 micron kwaye ixhonywe kwi-longitudinal cavity eqoshwe kwi-silicon wafer, njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 7. Le antenna sisakhiwo esivulekileyo esihambelana nee-Schottky diodes. Ngenxa yesakhiwo sayo esilula kunye neemfuno eziphantsi zokuvelisa, ngokubanzi ingasetyenziswa kwiibhendi ze-frequency ezingaphezulu kwe-0.6 THz. Nangona kunjalo, inqanaba le-sidelobe kunye nenqanaba le-cross-polarization ye-antenna ziphezulu, mhlawumbi ngenxa yesakhiwo sayo esivulekileyo. Ke ngoko, ukusebenza kwayo kokudibanisa kuphantsi (malunga ne-50%).
Umfanekiso 7 I-antenna yephiramidi ehambayo
2. I-eriyali ye-dielectric
I-antenna ye-dielectric yindibaniselwano ye-dielectric substrate kunye ne-antenna radiator. Ngoyilo olufanelekileyo, i-antenna ye-dielectric inokufikelela ekufanisweni kwe-impedance kunye ne-detector, kwaye ineenzuzo zenkqubo elula, ukuhlanganiswa okulula, kunye neendleko eziphantsi. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, abaphandi baye bayila ii-antenna ezininzi ze-narrowband kunye ne-broadband side-fire ezinokulingana ne-low-impedance detectors ze-terahertz dielectric antennas: i-butterfly antenna, i-double U-shaped antenna, i-log-periodic antenna, kunye ne-log-periodic sinusoidal antenna, njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 8. Ukongeza, iijometri ze-antenna ezintsonkothileyo zinokuyilwa ngokusebenzisa ii-algorithms ze-genetic.
Umfanekiso 8 Iintlobo ezine zee-antenna ezicwangcisiweyo
Nangona kunjalo, ekubeni i-antenna ye-dielectric idityaniswe ne-dielectric substrate, isiphumo se-surface wave siya kwenzeka xa i-frequency ithambekele kwi-THz band. Le ngxaki ibulalayo iya kubangela ukuba i-antenna ilahlekelwe ngamandla amaninzi ngexesha lokusebenza kwaye ikhokelele ekunciphiseni okukhulu ekusebenzeni kakuhle kwemitha ye-antenna. Njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 9, xa i-angle yemitha ye-antenna inkulu kune-angle ye-cutoff, amandla ayo agcinwa kwi-substrate ye-dielectric kwaye adityaniswe ne-substrate mode.
Umfanekiso 9 Isiphumo segagasi lomphezulu we-antenna
Njengoko ubukhulu be-substrate bukhula, inani leendlela eziphezulu liyanda, kwaye ukudibana phakathi kwe-antenna kunye ne-substrate kuyanda, okubangela ukulahleka kwamandla. Ukuze buthathaka isiphumo samaza omphezulu, kukho iindlela ezintathu zokuphucula:
1) Faka ilensi kwi-antenna ukuze wandise inzuzo ngokusebenzisa iimpawu zokwenziwa kwemisebe yamaza e-electromagnetic.
2) Nciphisa ubukhulu be-substrate ukuze kuthintelwe ukuveliswa kweendlela eziphezulu zamaza e-electromagnetic.
3) Buyisela izinto ze-dielectric ze-substrate nge-electromagnetic band gap (EBG). Iimpawu zokucoca indawo ze-EBG zinokucinezela iindlela eziphezulu.
3. Ii-eriyali ezintsha zezinto ezibonakalayo
Ukongeza kwezi antenna zimbini zingasentla, kukwakho ne-antenna ye-terahertz eyenziwe ngezinto ezintsha. Umzekelo, ngo-2006, uJin Hao nabanye bacebise i-antenna ye-carbon nanotube dipole. Njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 10 (a), i-dipole yenziwe ngee-carbon nanotubes endaweni yezinto zesinyithi. Wafunda ngononophelo iipropati ze-infrared kunye ne-optical ze-antenna ye-carbon nanotube dipole waza waxoxa ngeempawu eziqhelekileyo ze-antenna ye-carbon nanotube dipole ende, njenge-input impedance, usasazo lwangoku, i-gain, ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nepatheni yemitha. Umfanekiso 10 (b) ubonisa ubudlelwane phakathi kwe-input impedance kunye ne-frequency ye-antenna ye-carbon nanotube dipole. Njengoko kunokubonwa kuMfanekiso 10 (b), inxalenye ecingelwayo ye-input impedance inama-zero amaninzi kwii-frequency eziphezulu. Oku kubonisa ukuba i-antenna inokufikelela kwii-resonance ezininzi kwii-frequency ezahlukeneyo. Ngokucacileyo, i-antenna ye-carbon nanotube ibonisa i-resonance ngaphakathi koluhlu oluthile lwee-frequency (ii-frequency ze-THz ezisezantsi), kodwa ayikwazi ngokupheleleyo ukuvakala ngaphandle kolu luhlu.
Umfanekiso 10 (a) I-antenna ye-carbon nanotube dipole. (b) I-input impedance-frequency curve
Ngowama-2012, uSamir F. Mahmoud kunye no-Ayed R. AlAjmi bacebise isakhiwo esitsha se-antenna ye-terahertz esekelwe kwiityhubhu ze-carbon nanotubes, equlathe inqwaba yeetyhubhu ze-carbon nanotubes ezigqunywe kwiileya ezimbini ze-dielectric. Umaleko wangaphakathi we-dielectric ngumaleko we-dielectric foam, kwaye umaleko wangaphandle we-dielectric ngumaleko we-metaterial. Isakhiwo esithile siboniswe kuMfanekiso 11. Ngovavanyo, ukusebenza kwemitha ye-antenna kuphuculwe xa kuthelekiswa neetyhubhu ze-carbon ezinedonga elinye.
Umfanekiso 11 I-antenna entsha ye-terahertz esekelwe kwiityhubhu ze-carbon nanotubes
Ii-antenna ezintsha ze-terahertz ezicetywayo apha ngasentla zinobukhulu becala zi-three-dimensional. Ukuze kuphuculwe i-bandwidth ye-antenna kwaye kwenziwe ii-antenna ezihambelanayo, ii-antenna ze-planar graphene zifumene ingqalelo ebanzi. I-Graphene ineempawu zolawulo oluqhubekayo oluguqukayo kwaye inokuvelisa i-plasma yomphezulu ngokulungisa i-bias voltage. I-plasma yomphezulu ikhona kwi-interface phakathi kwe-positive dielectric constant substrates (ezifana ne-Si, i-SiO2, njl.njl.) kunye ne-negative dielectric constant substrates (ezifana neentsimbi ezixabisekileyo, i-graphene, njl.njl.). Kukho inani elikhulu "lee-electron zasimahla" kwii-conductors ezifana neentsimbi ezixabisekileyo kunye ne-graphene. Ezi electron zasimahla zikwabizwa ngokuba zii-plasma. Ngenxa yentsimi yamandla engaphakathi kwi-conductor, ezi plasma zikwimeko ezinzileyo kwaye aziphazanyiswa lihlabathi langaphandle. Xa amandla e-electromagnetic wave eyenzekayo edibene nezi plasma, ii-plasma ziya kuphambuka kwimo eqinileyo kwaye zidlidlize. Emva kokuguqulwa, imo ye-electromagnetic yenza i-transverse magnetic wave kwi-interface. Ngokwenkcazo yobudlelwane bokusasazwa kwe-plasma yomphezulu wesinyithi yi-Drude model, ii-metal azinakudibana ngokwemvelo namaza e-electromagnetic kwindawo ekhululekileyo kwaye ziguqule amandla. Kuyimfuneko ukusebenzisa ezinye izinto ukuze kuvuselelwe amaza eplasma engaphezulu. Amaza eplasma engaphezulu abola ngokukhawuleza kwicala elifanayo le-metal-substrate interface. Xa umqhubi wesinyithi eqhuba kwicala elithe nkqo kumphezulu, kwenzeka isiphumo sesikhumba. Ngokucacileyo, ngenxa yobukhulu obuncinci be-antenna, kukho isiphumo sesikhumba kwi-high frequency band, ebangela ukuba ukusebenza kwe-antenna kwehle kakhulu kwaye kungabi nakho ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ze-terahertz antennas. I-surface plasmon ye-graphene ayinayo nje kuphela amandla aphezulu okubopha kunye nokulahleka okuphantsi, kodwa ikwaxhasa ukulungiswa kombane okuqhubekayo. Ukongeza, i-graphene ine-complex conductivity kwi-terahertz band. Ke ngoko, ukusasazeka kwamaza acothayo kunxulumene nemo ye-plasma kwi-terahertz frequencys. Ezi mpawu zibonisa ngokupheleleyo ukuba i-graphene iyakwazi ukuthatha indawo yezinto zesinyithi kwi-terahertz band.
Ngokusekelwe kwindlela yokuziphatha kwe-polarisation yeeplasmons zomphezulu we-graphene, uMfanekiso 12 ubonisa uhlobo olutsha lwe-strip antenna, kwaye ucebisa imo yebhendi yeempawu zokusasazeka kwamaza e-plasma kwi-graphene. Uyilo lwebhendi ye-antenna ehlengahlengiswayo lubonelela ngendlela entsha yokufunda iimpawu zokusasazeka kwee-antenna ezintsha ze-terahertz.
Umfanekiso 12 I-antenna entsha yestrip
Ukongeza ekuphononongeni izinto ezintsha ze-antenna ze-terahertz, ii-antenna ze-graphene nanopatch terahertz nazo zinokuyilwa njengee-arrays zokwakha iinkqubo zonxibelelwano ze-antenna ze-terahertz ezininzi zokufaka i-multi-input multi-output. Ulwakhiwo lwe-antenna luboniswe kuMfanekiso 13. Ngokusekelwe kwiimpawu ezizodwa ze-antenna ze-graphene nanopatch, izinto ze-antenna zinemilinganiselo ye-micron-scale. Ukufakwa komphunga wekhemikhali kudibanisa ngokuthe ngqo imifanekiso eyahlukeneyo ye-graphene kumaleko omncinci we-nickel kwaye kuyidlulisela kuyo nayiphi na i-substrate. Ngokukhetha inani elifanelekileyo leenxalenye kunye nokutshintsha i-voltage ye-electrostatic bias, ulwalathiso lwemitha lungatshintshwa ngempumelelo, okwenza inkqubo ikwazi ukuphinda ilungiswe.
Umfanekiso 13 I-Graphene nanopatch terahertz antenna array
Uphando lwezinto ezintsha luyindlela entsha. Ukuveliswa kwezinto ezintsha kulindeleke ukuba kudlule kwimida yee-antenna zemveli kwaye kuphuhlise iintlobo ngeentlobo zee-antenna ezintsha, ezifana nee-metaterials ezinokuhlengahlengiswa kwakhona, izinto ezinemilinganiselo emibini (2D), njl. Nangona kunjalo, olu hlobo lwe-antenna luxhomekeke kakhulu ekuphuhlisweni kwezinto ezintsha kunye nokuqhubela phambili kwetekhnoloji yenkqubo. Nokuba kunjalo, ukuphuhliswa kwee-antenna ze-terahertz kufuna izinto ezintsha, itekhnoloji yokucubungula echanekileyo kunye nezakhiwo ezintsha zoyilo ukuhlangabezana neemfuno eziphezulu, iindleko eziphantsi kunye ne-bandwidth ebanzi yee-antenna ze-terahertz.
Oku kulandelayo kwazisa imigaqo esisiseko yeentlobo ezintathu zee-antenna ze-terahertz: ii-antenna zesinyithi, ii-antenna ze-dielectric kunye nee-antenna ezintsha zezinto ezibonakalayo, kwaye kuhlalutywa umahluko wazo kunye neenzuzo kunye nokungalungi.
1. I-antenna yesinyithi: I-geometry ilula, kulula ukuyicubungula, ixabiso liphantsi, kwaye ifuna izinto eziphantsi. Nangona kunjalo, ii-antenna zesinyithi zisebenzisa indlela yoomatshini ukulungisa indawo ye-antenna, enokuba neempazamo. Ukuba ukulungiswa akulunganga, ukusebenza kwe-antenna kuya kuncipha kakhulu. Nangona i-antenna yesinyithi incinci ngobukhulu, kunzima ukuyihlanganisa ngesekethe ejikelezileyo.
2. I-antenna ye-dielectric: I-antenna ye-dielectric ine-impedance yokungenisa ephantsi, kulula ukuyifanisa ne-detector ye-impedance ephantsi, kwaye kulula ukuyidibanisa nesekethe ye-planar. Iimilo zejometri zee-antenna ze-dielectric ziquka imo yebhabhathane, imo ye-U ephindwe kabini, imo ye-logarithmic eqhelekileyo kunye nemo ye-logarithmic periodic sine. Nangona kunjalo, ii-antenna ze-dielectric nazo zinesiphako esibulalayo, oko kukuthi isiphumo se-surface wave esibangelwa yi-substrate etyebileyo. Isisombululo kukufaka ilensi endaweni ye-dielectric substrate ngesakhiwo se-EBG. Zombini izisombululo zifuna ubuchule kunye nokuphuculwa okuqhubekayo kwetekhnoloji yenkqubo kunye nezixhobo, kodwa ukusebenza kwazo okuhle kakhulu (njengokuphelela kwe-omnidirectionality kunye nokucinezelwa kwe-surface wave) kunokubonelela ngeengcinga ezintsha zophando lwee-antenna ze-terahertz.
3. Ii-antenna ezintsha zezinto: Okwangoku, ii-antenna ezintsha ze-dipole ezenziwe ngee-carbon nanotubes kunye nezakhiwo ezintsha ze-antenna ezenziwe ngezinto ze-metaterials ziye zavela. Izinto ezintsha zinokuzisa impumelelo entsha yokusebenza, kodwa isiseko kukuvelisa izinto ezintsha kwisayensi yezinto. Okwangoku, uphando ngee-antenna ezintsha zezinto lusekwinqanaba lokuhlola, kwaye ubuchwepheshe obuninzi obuphambili abukavuthwa ngokwaneleyo.
Ngamafutshane, iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zee-antenna ze-terahertz zinokukhethwa ngokweemfuno zoyilo:
1) Ukuba kufuneka uyilo olulula kunye neendleko eziphantsi zemveliso, ii-antenna zesinyithi zinokukhethwa.
2) Ukuba kufuneka ukuhlanganiswa okuphezulu kunye nokuphazamiseka okuncinci kokufaka, ii-antenna ze-dielectric zinokukhethwa.
3) Ukuba kufuneka impumelelo ekusebenzeni, ii-antenna ezintsha zinokukhethwa.
Ezi zakhiwo zingasentla zinokuhlengahlengiswa ngokweemfuno ezithile. Umzekelo, iintlobo ezimbini zee-antenna zinokudityaniswa ukuze kufunyanwe iingenelo ezingaphezulu, kodwa indlela yokuhlanganisa kunye netekhnoloji yoyilo kufuneka zihlangabezane neemfuno ezingqongqo ngakumbi.
Ukuze ufunde okungakumbi ngee-antenna, nceda undwendwele:
Ixesha lokuthumela: Agasti-02-2024
