1. Intshayelelo kwii-Antenna
I-antenna isakhiwo senguqu phakathi kwendawo ekhululekile kunye nomgca wokudlulisa, njengoko kuboniswe kuMzobo 1. Umgca wokuhambisa unokuba ngendlela yomgca we-coaxial okanye ityhubhu engenanto (waveguide), esetyenziselwa ukuhambisa amandla e-electromagnetic ukusuka kumthombo. ukuya kwi-eriyali, okanye ukusuka kwi-eriyali ukuya kumamkeli. Eyokuqala yi-eriyali yokudlulisa, kwaye le yokugqibela yi-eriyali eyamkelayo.
Umzobo 1 Umzila wothumelo lwe-Electromagnetic (umthombo wothumelo lwentambo-isithuba esingena-eriyali)
Ukuhanjiswa kwenkqubo ye-antenna kwindlela yokudlulisa i-Figure 1 imelwe yi-Thevenin elinganayo njengoko kuboniswe kwi-Figure 2, apho umthombo ubonakaliswa ngujeneretha wesignali efanelekileyo, umgca wokuhambisa ubonakaliswa ngumgca kunye ne-impedance ye-Zc, kwaye i-eriyali imelwe ngumthwalo ZA [ZA = (RL + Rr) + jXA]. I-RL yokuchasana nomthwalo imele ilahleko yokuqhuba kunye ne-dielectric ehambelana nesakhiwo se-antenna, ngelixa i-Rr ibonisa ukuchasana kwe-radiation ye-antenna, kunye ne-reactance XA isetyenziselwa ukumela inxalenye yentelekelelo ye-impedance ehambelana nemitha ye-antenna. Ngaphantsi kweemeko ezifanelekileyo, onke amandla aveliswa ngumthombo wesignali kufuneka adluliselwe kwi-radiation resistance Rr, esetyenziselwa ukumela amandla okusasazeka kwe-antenna. Nangona kunjalo, kwizicelo ezisebenzayo, kukho ilahleko ye-conductor-dielectric ngenxa yeempawu zomgca wokuhambisa kunye ne-antenna, kunye neelahleko ezibangelwa ukubonakaliswa (ukungafani) phakathi komgca wokuhambisa kunye ne-antenna. Ukuqwalasela i-impedance yangaphakathi yomthombo kunye nokungahoywa komgca wokudlulisa kunye nokubonakalisa (ukungafani) ilahleko, amandla aphezulu anikezelwa kwi-antenna phantsi kokudibanisa i-conjugate.
Umfanekiso wesi-2
Ngenxa yokungahambelani phakathi komgca wothumelo kunye ne-eriyali, i-wave ebonakalisiweyo ukusuka kujongano ibekwe ngaphezulu kunye ne-antenna yesiganeko ukusuka kumthombo ukuya kwi-eriyali ukwenza amaza okuma, amele ugxininiso lwamandla kunye nokugcinwa kwaye sisixhobo esiqhelekileyo se-resonant. Umzobo oqhelekileyo wokuma wamaza uboniswa ngumgca onamachaphaza kwi-Figure 2. Ukuba inkqubo ye-antenna ayilwanga ngokufanelekileyo, umgca wothumelo unokusebenza njengento yokugcina amandla kumlinganiselo omkhulu, kunokuba ube yi-waveguide kunye nesixhobo sokuhambisa amandla.
Ilahleko ebangelwa ngumgca wothumelo, i-eriyali kunye namaza amileyo ayinqweneleki. Ukulahleka komgca kungancitshiswa ngokukhetha imigca yokuhambisa ilahleko ephantsi, ngelixa ilahleko ye-antenna ingancitshiswa ngokunciphisa ukuchasana kwelahleko emelwe yi-RL kuMfanekiso 2. Amaza amileyo angancitshiswa kwaye ukugcinwa kwamandla kumgca kunokuncitshiswa ngokuhambelana nokuthintela i-eriyali (umthwalo) kunye ne-impedance yeempawu zomgca.
Kwiinkqubo ezingenazingcingo, ukongeza ekufumaneni okanye ekugqithiseni amandla, ii-eriyali zidla ngokufuneka ukomeleza amandla asasazeke kwiindlela ezithile kunye nokucinezela amandla okusasazeka kwamanye amacala. Ke ngoko, ukongeza kwizixhobo zokubona, ii-antenna kufuneka zisetyenziswe njengezixhobo ezikhokelayo. Ii-antenna zinokuba ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezithile. Isenokuba ngocingo, i-aperture, i-patch, i-element assembly (array), i-reflector, i-lens, njl.
Kwiinkqubo zonxibelelwano ezingenazingcingo, i-eriyali yenye yezona zinto zibaluleke kakhulu. Uyilo oluhle lwe-antenna lunokunciphisa iimfuno zenkqubo kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kwenkqubo ngokubanzi. Umzekelo weklasikhi ngumabonwakude, apho ukwamkela ukusasazwa kunokuphuculwa ngokusebenzisa i-antennas ephezulu yokusebenza. Ii-eriyali ziinkqubo zonxibelelwano into amehlo ayiyo ebantwini.
2. Ukuhlelwa kwe-antenna
1. I-Antenna yocingo
I-eriyali zocingo yenye yezona ntlobo zixhaphakileyo ze-eriyali kuba zifumaneka phantse kuyo yonke indawo - iimoto, izakhiwo, iinqanawa, iinqwelomoya, iinqwelomoya, njl. njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 3. Ii-eriyali zeLoop akufuneki ukuba zibe setyhula kuphela. Ziyakwazi ukuba uxande, isikwere, i-oval okanye nayiphi na enye imilo. I-antenna ejikelezayo iyona nto ixhaphakileyo ngenxa yesakhiwo sayo esilula.
Umfanekiso wesi-3
2. Ii-Antenna zokuvula
Ii-eriyali zokuvula zidlala indima enkulu ngenxa yokwanda kwemfuno yeendlela ezintsonkothileyo zee-eriyali kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamaza aphezulu. Ezinye iifomu ze-eriyali yokuvula (iphiramidi, i-conical kunye ne-eriyali yophondo oluxande) ziboniswe kuMfanekiso 4. Olu hlobo lwe-eriyali luluncedo kakhulu kwizicelo zeenqwelo-moya kunye neziphekepheke ngenxa yokuba zinokugxunyekwa ngokulula kakhulu kwiqokobhe langaphandle lenqwelo-moya okanye isiphekepheke. Ukongezelela, banokugutyungelwa ngoluhlu lwezinto ze-dielectric ukuze bakhusele kwiindawo ezinzima.
Umzobo 4
3. I-eriyali yeMicrostrip
Ii-eriyali zeMicrostrip ziye zaziwa kakhulu ngeminyaka yoo-1970, ingakumbi kwizicelo zesathelayithi. I-eriyali iqulethe i-dielectric substrate kunye ne-patch yentsimbi. I-patch yentsimbi ingaba neemilo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo, kwaye i-antenna ye-rectangular patch eboniswe kuMzobo we-5 iyona nto ixhaphake kakhulu. I-antenna ze-Microstrip zineprofayili ephantsi, zifanelekile kwiindawo ezicwangcisiweyo kunye nezingacwangciswanga, zilula kwaye azibizi kakhulu ukwenza, zinokuqina okuphezulu xa zifakwe kwiindawo eziqinileyo, kwaye zihambelana noyilo lweMMIC. Zinokuxhonywa kumphezulu weenqwelo-moya, iziphekepheke, iisathelayithi, imijukujelwa, iimoto, kwanezixhobo eziphathwayo kwaye zinokuyilwa ngokungqinelanayo.
Umfanekiso wesi-5
4. Uluhlu lwe-Antenna
Iimpawu zokusasazeka kwemitha ezifunwa lusetyenziso oluninzi zinokungafikelelwa ngento enye ye-eriyali. Uluhlu lwe-antenna lunokwenza utshiso lwemitha oluvela kwizinto ezidityanisiweyo ukuvelisa ubuninzi bemitha kwimikhombandlela ethile okanye ngaphezulu, umzekelo oqhelekileyo ubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 6.
Umfanekiso wesi-6
5. I-Antenna yeReflector
Impumelelo yokuhlola indawo iye yakhokelela ekuphuhliseni ngokukhawuleza ithiyori ye-antenna. Ngenxa yesidingo sonxibelelwano lomgama omde, ii-eriyali ezinenzuzo ephezulu ngokugqithisileyo kufuneka zisetyenziswe ukuhambisa nokwamkela imiqondiso kwizigidi zeemayile kude. Kule sicelo, ifom ye-eriyali eqhelekileyo yi-eriyali ye-parabolic eboniswe kuMfanekiso 7. Olu hlobo lwe-eriyali lunobubanzi obuziimitha ezingama-305 okanye ngaphezulu, kwaye ubukhulu obunjalo buyimfuneko ukuze kuzuzwe inzuzo ephezulu efunekayo yokuhambisa okanye ukufumana imiqondiso yezigidi ze iimayile kude. Olunye uhlobo lwesibonisi sisibonisi sekona, njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 7 (c).
Umzobo 7
6. Ii-eriyali zeLensi
Iilensi zisetyenziswa ikakhulu ukungqubanisa amandla asasaziweyo esiganeko ukuwathintela ukuba angasasazeki kwiindlela ezingafunekiyo zokusasazeka kwemitha. Ngokutshintsha ngokufanelekileyo ijometri yelensi kunye nokukhetha izinto ezifanelekileyo, banokuguqula iindlela ezahlukeneyo zamandla ahlukeneyo abe ngamaza endiza. Zingasetyenziswa kuninzi lwezicelo ezifana nee-eriyali ezibonisa iparabolic, ngakumbi kwiifrikhwensi eziphezulu, kwaye ubukhulu bazo kunye nobunzima bazo buba bukhulu kakhulu kumaza asezantsi. Ii-eriyali zeLens zihlelwa ngokwezinto zazo zokwakha okanye iimilo zejometri, ezinye zazo ziboniswe kuMfanekiso 8.
Umzobo 8
Ukuze ufunde ngakumbi ngee-eriyali, nceda undwendwele:
Ixesha lokuposa: Jul-19-2024
