1. Intshayelelo kwi-Antennas
I-antenna sisakhiwo sotshintsho phakathi kwendawo ekhululekileyo kunye nomgca wothumelo, njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 1. Umgca wothumelo unokuba ngohlobo lomgca we-coaxial okanye ityhubhu engenanto (i-waveguide), esetyenziselwa ukudlulisa amandla e-electromagnetic ukusuka kumthombo ukuya kwi-antenna, okanye ukusuka kwi-antenna ukuya kwi-receiver. Eyokuqala yi-antenna ethumelayo, kwaye eyesibini yi-antenna efumanayo.
Umfanekiso 1 Indlela yokudlulisela amandla e-electromagnetic (indawo engenazo ii-antenna)
Ukudluliselwa kwenkqubo ye-antenna kwimo yokudluliselwa koMfanekiso 1 kumelwa yi-Thevenin equivalent njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 2, apho umthombo umelwe yijenereyitha yesignali efanelekileyo, umgca wokudluliselwa umelwe ngumgca one-impedance ephawulekayo i-Zc, kwaye i-antenna imelwe yi-load ZA [ZA = (RL + Rr) + jXA]. Ukumelana nomthwalo i-RL imele ukuhanjiswa kunye nokulahleka kwe-dielectric okunxulunyaniswa nesakhiwo se-antenna, ngelixa i-Rr imele ukumelana nokukhanya kwe-antenna, kwaye i-reactance XA isetyenziselwa ukumela inxalenye ecingelwayo ye-impedance enxulunyaniswa nemitha ye-antenna. Phantsi kweemeko ezifanelekileyo, onke amandla aveliswa ngumthombo wesignali kufuneka adluliselwe kwi-radiation resistance Rr, esetyenziselwa ukumela amandla okukhanya kwe-antenna. Nangona kunjalo, kwizicelo ezisebenzayo, kukho ukulahleka kwe-conductor-dielectric ngenxa yeempawu zomgca wokudluliselwa kunye ne-antenna, kunye nokulahleka okubangelwa kukubonakaliswa (ukungalingani) phakathi komgca wokudluliselwa kunye ne-antenna. Xa kujongwa ukungakwazi ukuthintela kwangaphakathi komthombo kunye nokungawunaki umgca wokudlulisela kunye nokulahleka kokubonakalisa (ukungalingani), amandla aphezulu anikwa i-antenna phantsi kokuhambelana okudibeneyo.
Umfanekiso 2
Ngenxa yokungafani phakathi komgca wokudlulisela kunye ne-antenna, igagasi elibonakalayo elivela kujongano libekwe ngaphezulu kwegagasi lesiganeko elivela kumthombo ukuya kwi-antenna ukuze kwenziwe igagasi elimileyo, elimele uxinaniso lwamandla kunye nokugcinwa kwaye sisixhobo esiqhelekileyo sokuphendula. Ipateni eqhelekileyo yamaza amileyo iboniswa ngumgca onamachaphaza kuMfanekiso 2. Ukuba inkqubo ye-antenna ayenziwanga ngokufanelekileyo, umgca wokudlulisela ungasebenza njengento yokugcina amandla kakhulu, kunokuba ube sisixhobo sokuhambisa amaza kunye nokuhambisa amandla.
Ilahleko ezibangelwa ngumgca wothumelo, i-antenna kunye namaza amiyo azifuneki. Ilahleko zomgca zinokuncitshiswa ngokukhetha imigca yothumelo elahleko iphantsi, ngelixa ilahleko ze-antenna zinokuncitshiswa ngokunciphisa ukumelana nelahleko emelwe yi-RL kuMfanekiso 2. Amaza amiyo anokuncitshiswa kwaye ukugcinwa kwamandla kumgca kunokunciphisa ngokufanisa i-impedance ye-antenna (umthwalo) kunye ne-impedance ephawulekayo yomgca.
Kwiinkqubo ezingenazingcingo, ukongeza ekufumaneni okanye ekudluliseni amandla, ii-antenna zihlala zifuneka ukuze kuphuculwe amandla akhutshwayo kwiindlela ezithile kwaye kucinezelwe amandla akhutshwayo kwiindlela ezithile. Ke ngoko, ukongeza kwizixhobo zokufumanisa, ii-antenna kufuneka zisetyenziswe njengezixhobo ezikhokelayo. Ii-antenna zingaba kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezithile. Isenokuba yintambo, i-aperture, i-patch, i-element assembly (array), i-reflector, ilensi, njl.njl.
Kwiinkqubo zonxibelelwano ezingenazingcingo, ii-antenna zezinye zezona zinto zibalulekileyo. Uyilo oluhle lwee-antenna lunokunciphisa iimfuno zenkqubo kwaye luphucule ukusebenza kwenkqubo iyonke. Umzekelo oqhelekileyo ngumabonwakude, apho ulwamkelo losasazo lunokuphuculwa ngokusebenzisa ii-antenna ezisebenza kakhulu. Ii-antenna zeenkqubo zonxibelelwano zifana namehlo ebantwini.
2. Ukwahlulwahlulwa kwee-Antena
1. I-Antena yocingo
Ii-antenna zocingo zezinye zezona ntlobo zixhaphakileyo zee-antenna kuba zifumaneka phantse kuyo yonke indawo - iimoto, izakhiwo, iinqanawa, iinqwelomoya, ii-spacecraft, njl. Kukho iimilo ezahlukeneyo zee-antenna zocingo, ezifana nomgca othe tye (i-dipole), i-loop, i-spiral, njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 3. Ii-antenna zoluphu azidingi nje ukuba zijikeleze. Zinokuba zingxande, zisikwere, zi-oval okanye naluphi na olunye uhlobo. I-antenna ejikelezayo yeyona ixhaphakileyo ngenxa yesakhiwo sayo esilula.
Umfanekiso 3
2. Ii-Antennas ze-Aperture
Ii-antenna ze-Aperture zidlala indima enkulu ngenxa yokwanda kwemfuno yee-antenna ezintsonkothileyo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamaza aphezulu. Ezinye iintlobo zee-antenna ze-aperture (ii-antenna ze-pyramidal, ze-conical kunye neze-rectangular horn) ziboniswe kuMfanekiso 4. Olu hlobo lwe-antenna luluncedo kakhulu kwiindlela zokusebenzisa iinqwelo-moya kunye neenqwelo-moya kuba zinokufakwa ngokulula kwiqokobhe langaphandle lenqwelo-moya okanye inqwelo-moya. Ukongeza, zinokugqunywa ngomaleko wezinto ze-dielectric ukuzikhusela kwiindawo ezinzima.
Umfanekiso 4
3. I-eriyali ye-microstrip
Ii-antenna ze-Microstrip zathandwa kakhulu ngeminyaka yoo-1970, ikakhulu kwiindlela zokusetyenziswa kwesathelayithi. I-antenna ine-substrate ye-dielectric kunye ne-patch yesinyithi. I-patch yesinyithi inokuba neemilo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo, kwaye i-antenna ye-rectangular patch eboniswe kuMfanekiso 5 yeyona ixhaphakileyo. Ii-antenna ze-Microstrip zinomgangatho ophantsi, zifanelekile kwiindawo ezicwangcisiweyo nezingengo-planar, zilula kwaye azibizi kakhulu ukuzenza, zinamandla aphezulu xa zifakwe kwiindawo eziqinileyo, kwaye ziyahambelana noyilo lwe-MMIC. Zingafakwa kumphezulu weenqwelo-moya, i-spacecraft, ii-satellites, ii-missiles, iimoto, kwanezixhobo eziphathwayo kwaye zinokuyilwa ngendlela efanayo.
Umfanekiso 5
4. I-Antena yeArray
Iimpawu zemitha ezifunekayo kwiinkqubo ezininzi zisenokungafezekiswa yinxalenye enye ye-antenna. Ii-antenna arrays zingenza imitha evela kwizinto yenziwe ukuze ivelise imitha ephezulu kwicala elinye okanye ngaphezulu, umzekelo oqhelekileyo uboniswe kuMfanekiso 6.
Umfanekiso 6
5. I-Antena yokubonakalisa
Impumelelo yokuhlola isithuba ikhokelele ekuphuhlisweni ngokukhawuleza kwethiyori ye-antenna. Ngenxa yesidingo sonxibelelwano olude kakhulu, ii-antenna ezifumana i-high-gain kufuneka zisetyenziswe ukuhambisa nokufumana imiqondiso ekude kangangezigidi zeekhilomitha. Kolu setyenziso, uhlobo oluqhelekileyo lwe-antenna yi-parabolic antenna eboniswe kuMfanekiso 7. Olu hlobo lwe-antenna lunobubanzi obuziimitha ezingama-305 nangaphezulu, kwaye ubungakanani obukhulu kangaka buyimfuneko ukuze kufunyanwe i-high gain efunekayo ukuhambisa okanye ukufumana imiqondiso ekude kangangezigidi zeekhilomitha. Olunye uhlobo lwe-reflector yi-corner reflector, njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 7 (c).
Umfanekiso 7
6. Ii-Antennas zeLens
Iilensi zisetyenziselwa kakhulu ukuqokelela amandla asasazekileyo ukuze zingasasazeki kwicala lemitha engafunekiyo. Ngokutshintsha ngokufanelekileyo ijiyometri yelensi nokukhetha izinto ezifanelekileyo, zinokuguqula iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zamandla ahlukeneyo zibe ngamaza endiza. Zingasetyenziswa kuninzi lwezicelo ezifana nee-antenna ze-parabolic reflector, ingakumbi kumaza aphezulu, kwaye ubukhulu kunye nobunzima bazo buba bukhulu kakhulu kumaza aphantsi. Ii-antenna zelensi zahlulwa ngokwezixhobo zazo zokwakha okanye iimilo zejiyometri, ezinye zazo ziboniswe kuMfanekiso 8.
Umfanekiso 8
Ukuze ufunde okungakumbi ngee-antenna, nceda undwendwele:
Ixesha leposi: Julayi-19-2024
