Iinjineli ze-elektroniki ziyazi ukuba i-eriyali ithumela kwaye ifumane imiqondiso ekwimo yamaza ombane wombane (EM) ochazwa ziinxaki zikaMaxwell. Njengezihloko ezininzi, ezi zibalo, kunye nokusasazwa, iipropathi ze-electromagnetism, zinokufundwa kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo, ukusuka kwimigangatho yomgangatho ukuya kwii-equations ezinzima.
Mininzi imiba yokusasaza amandla e-electromagnetic, enye yawo yipolarization, enokuba nemigangatho eyahlukeneyo yempembelelo okanye inkxalabo kwizicelo kunye noyilo lwe-eriyali. Imigaqo esisiseko yepolarization isebenza kuyo yonke i-electromagnetic radiation, kubandakanywa iRF/wireless, amandla okukhanya, kwaye isoloko isetyenziswa kwi-optical applications.
Yintoni i-antenna polarization?
Ngaphambi kokuqonda i-polarization, kufuneka siqale siqonde imigaqo esisiseko yamaza ombane. La maza aqulunqwe ngamasimi ombane (E fields) kunye nemagnethi (H fields) kwaye ahamba kwicala elinye. Imimandla ye-E kunye ne-H i-perpendicular enye kwenye kunye ne-direction of plane wave wave.
I-polarization ibhekisela kwi-E-field plane ukusuka kumbono we-transmitter ye-signal transmitter: kwi-polarization ethe tyaba, intsimi yombane iya kuhamba ngecala kwi-plane ethe tye, ngelixa i-polarization ethe nkqo, intsimi yombane iya kunyuka kwaye iphantsi kwindiza ethe nkqo. umfanekiso 1).
Umzobo 1: Amaza ombane we-electromagnetic ene-perpendicular E kunye necandelo le-H.
I-polarization yomgca kunye ne-circular polarization
Iimodi zepolarization ziquka oku kulandelayo:
Kwisiseko somgca we-polarization, i-polarizations ezimbini ezinokwenzeka ziyi-orthogonal (perpendicular) komnye nomnye (Umfanekiso 2). Ngokwethiyori, i-eriyali eyamkelekileyo ethe tyaba ayizukubona “umqondiso” osuka kwi-eriyali emiswe ngokuthe nkqo nangokuphambanayo, nokuba zombini zisebenza ngesantya esifanayo. Okukhona zilungelelaniswa ngcono, kokukhona kubanjwa umqondiso ngakumbi, kwaye ukuhanjiswa kwamandla kunyuswa xa i-polarizations idibana.
Umzobo 2: I-polarization yomgca inika iinketho ezimbini ze-polarization kwii-angles ezifanelekileyo komnye nomnye
I-oblique polarization ye-antenna luhlobo lwe-polarization yomgca. Njengokwahluka okusisiseko okuthe tye kunye nokuthe nkqo, le polarization iyavakala kuphela kwindawo esemhlabeni. I-oblique polarization ikwi-engile ye-± 45 degrees ukuya kwi-horizontal reference plane. Ngelixa oku kuyenye indlela yokwahlulahlula ngokwemigca, igama elithi "umgca" lidla ngokubhekisa kwii-eriyali ezithe tyaba ezithe tyaba okanye ezithe nkqo.
Ngaphandle kwelahleko ethile, imiqondiso ethunyelwe (okanye efunyenweyo) nge-eriyali enediagonal inokwenzeka kuphela ngee-eriyali ezithe tyaba ezithe tyaba okanye ezithe nkqo. I-eriyali e-obliquely polarized iluncedo xa i-polarization enye okanye zombini i-eriyali ingaziwa okanye utshintsho ngexesha lokusetyenziswa.
I-Circular polarization (CP) inzima ngakumbi kune-polarization yomgca. Kule modi, i-polarization emelwe yi-E ye-field vector ijikeleza njengoko umqondiso usasaza. Xa ujikeleziswa ngasekunene (ujonge ngaphandle kwi-transmitter), i-circular polarization ibizwa ngokuba yi-right-handed circular polarization (RHCP); xa ujikeleziswa ngasekhohlo, kwisandla sasekhohlo sesetyhula polarization (LHCP) (Figure 3)
Umzobo 3: Kwi-polarization yesetyhula, i-E ye-field vector ye-electromagnetic wave ijikeleza; oku kujikeleza kungenziwa ngesandla sasekunene okanye sasekhohlo
Umqondiso we-CP uquka amaza amabini e-orthogonal aphuma kwisigaba. Kufuneka iimeko ezintathu ukuvelisa uphawu lweCP. Ummandla we-E kufuneka ube namacandelo amabini e-orthogonal; amacandelo amabini kufuneka abe ngama-90 degrees ngaphandle kwesigaba kwaye alingane kwi-amplitude. Indlela elula yokuvelisa i-CP kukusebenzisa i-eriyali ye-helical.
I-Elliptical polarization (EP) luhlobo lwe-CP. Amaza e-Elliptically polarized yinzuzo eveliswa ngamaza amabini alungelelanisiweyo, njengamaza e-CP. Xa amaza amabini e-perpendicular perpendicular linearly polarized ene-amplitudes engalinganiyo edibeneyo, i-elliptically polarized wave yenziwa.
Ukungafani kwe-polarization phakathi kwee-antenna kuchazwa yi-polarization loss factor (PLF). Le parameter ibonakaliswe kwii-decibels (dB) kwaye ngumsebenzi wokumahluko kwi-angle ye-polarization phakathi kokudlulisa kunye nokufumana i-eriyali. Ngokwethiyori, i-PLF inokusuka kwi-0 dB (akukho lahleko) kwi-eriyali elungelelaniswe ngokugqibeleleyo ukuya kwi-dB engapheliyo (ilahleko engapheliyo) ye-antenna ye-orthogonal egqibeleleyo.
Ngokwenyani, nangona kunjalo, ulungelelwaniso (okanye ulungelelwaniso olungalunganga) lwepolarization alugqibelelanga ngenxa yokuba imeko yomatshini we-eriyali, indlela yokuziphatha komsebenzisi, ukugqwethwa kwetshaneli, ukubonakaliswa kweendlela ezininzi, kunye nezinye izinto ezinokubangela ukuphazamiseka kwe-angular yendawo yombane yombane. Ekuqaleni, kuya kuba ne-10 - 30 dB okanye ngaphezulu kwe-signal-polarization "ukuvuza" kwi-orthogonal polarization, kwezinye iimeko ezinokwanela ukuphazamisa ukubuyiswa komqondiso ofunekayo.
Ngokwahlukileyo, eyona PLF yee-eriyali ezimbini ezilungelelanisiweyo kunye ne-polarization efanelekileyo inokuba yi-10 dB, i-20 dB, okanye ngaphezulu, ngokuxhomekeke kwiimeko, kwaye inokuthintela ukubuyiswa komqondiso. Ngamanye amazwi, i-cross-polarization engalindelekanga kunye ne-PLF inokusebenza ngeendlela zombini ngokuphazamisa umqondiso ofunekayo okanye ukunciphisa amandla omqondiso ofunekayo.
Kutheni ukhathalele i-polarization?
I-polarization isebenza ngeendlela ezimbini: ngakumbi ukulungelelaniswa kwee-eriyali ezimbini kwaye zine-polarization efanayo, ngcono amandla omqondiso ofunyenweyo. Ngokwahlukileyo, ukulungelelaniswa kwepolarization engalunganga kwenza kube nzima ngakumbi kubamkeli, nokuba kujongwe okanye bangonelisekanga, ukuba babambe ngokwaneleyo umqondiso womdla. Kwiimeko ezininzi, "itshaneli" igqwesa i-polarization ethunyelwayo, okanye i-eriyali enye okanye zombini azikho kwicala elingatshintshiyo.
Ukukhethwa kweyiphi i-polarization yokusetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kugqitywa ngokufakela okanye iimeko ze-atmospheric. Ngokomzekelo, i-antenna e-horizontally polarized iya kwenza ngcono kwaye igcine i-polarization yayo xa ifakwe kufuphi nesilingi; ngokuchaseneyo, i-eriyali ethe nkqo iya kwenza ngcono kwaye igcine ukusebenza kwayo kwepolarization xa ifakwe kufutshane nodonga olusecaleni.
I-antenna ye-dipole esetyenziswa ngokubanzi (ithafa okanye isongiwe) ibekwe ngokuthe tye kwi-polarized "eqhelekileyo" yokuqhelanisa ukunyuswa (Umfanekiso 4) kwaye ihlala ijikeleziswa ngamadigri angama-90 ukuba ithathe i-polarization ethe nkqo xa ifunwa okanye ukuxhasa imo ekhethiweyo yepolarization (Umfanekiso 5).
Umzobo 4: I-antenna ye-dipole idla ngokuxhonywa ngokuthe tye kwimasti yayo ukuze ibonelele nge-polarization ethe tye.
Umzobo 5: Kwizicelo ezifuna i-polarization ethe nkqo, i-eriyali ye-dipole inokuxhonywa ngokufanelekileyo apho i-eriyali ibamba khona.
I-polarization ethe nkqo iqhele ukusetyenziswa kwiirediyo eziphathwayo eziphathwayo, ezifana nezo zisetyenziswa ngabaphenduli bokuqala, kuba uyilo lwe-eriyali yerediyo ethe nkqo ibonelela ngepateni yemitha ye-omnidirectional. Ke ngoko, ezo eriyali akufuneki zihlengahlengiswe nokuba ulwalathiso lukanomathotholo kunye ne-eriyali luyatshintsha.
3 - 30 MHz high frequency (HF) ii-eriyali zefrikhwensi ziqhele ukwakhiwa njengeingcingo ezilula ezide ezidityaniswe ngokuthe tye phakathi kwezibiyeli. Ubude bayo bunqunywe yi-wavelength (10 - 100 m). Olu hlobo lwe-eriyali ngokwendalo i-polarized.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuba ukubhekisa kweli bhendi njenge "frequency ephezulu" yaqala kumashumi eminyaka eyadlulayo, xa i-30 MHz yayiyeyona nto iphezulu. Nangona le nkcazo ngoku ibonakala ngathi iphelelwe lixesha, isisigama esisemthethweni soManyano lwezonxibelelwano lweZizwe ngezizwe kwaye isasetyenziswa ngokubanzi.
I-polarization ekhethwayo inokumiselwa ngeendlela ezimbini: nokuba kusetyenziswe amaza aphantsi komhlaba ukwenzela umqondiso onamandla woluhlu olufutshane ngezixhobo zosasazo kusetyenziswa ibhendi ye-300 kHz - 3 MHz medium wave (MW), okanye ukusebenzisa amaza esibhakabhakeni imigama emide nge-ionosphere Link. Ngokubanzi, ii-eriyali ezithe nkqo zinokusasazwa kwamaza omhlaba, ngelixa ii-eriyali ezithe tyaba ezithe tyaba zinokusebenza okungcono kwamaza esibhakabhakeni.
I-Circular polarization isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwiisathelayithi kuba ukuqhelaniswa kwesathelayithi xa kuthelekiswa nezikhululo eziphantsi komhlaba kunye nezinye iisathelayithi zihlala zitshintsha. Ukusebenza phakathi kokuhambisa kunye nokufumana i-eriyali inkulu kakhulu xa zombini i-polarized circularly, kodwa i-antennas ye-polarized linearly ingasetyenziswa kunye nee-antenna ze-CP, nangona kukho i-polarization loss factor.
I-polarization nayo ibalulekile kwiinkqubo ze-5G. Ezinye ii-eriyali ze-5G ze-multiple-input/multiple-output (MIMO) zifezekisa i-throughput eyongeziweyo ngokusebenzisa i-polarization ukuze isebenzise ngokufanelekileyo i-spectrum ekhoyo. Oku kuphunyezwa ngokusebenzisa indibaniselwano ye-polarizations yesignali eyahlukeneyo kunye ne-multiplexing yendawo yee-eriyali (ukwahlukana kwendawo).
Inkqubo inokudlulisa imijelo emibini yedatha kuba imijelo yedatha idityaniswe ngee-antenna ezizimeleyo ze-orthogonally polarized kwaye zinokufunyanwa ngokuzimeleyo. Nokuba kukho i-cross-polarization ekhoyo ngenxa yendlela kunye nokugqwethwa kwetshaneli, ukubonakaliswa, ukuphindaphinda, kunye nokunye ukungafezeki, umamkeli usebenzisa i-algorithms entsonkothileyo ukubuyisela umqondiso ngamnye woqobo, okukhokelela kumazinga asezantsi empazamo (BER) kwaye ekugqibeleni kuphuculwe ukusetyenziswa kwespectrum.
ukuququmbela
I-polarization yipropati ebalulekileyo ye-eriyali ehlala ingahoywa. I-Linear (kubandakanywa i-horizontal and vertical) i-polarization, i-oblique polarization, i-circular polarization kunye ne-elliptical polarization isetyenziselwa izicelo ezahlukeneyo. Uluhlu lwentsebenzo ye-RF esekupheleni ukuya esiphelweni enokufikelelwa yi-eriyali ixhomekeke kwindlela emelene ngayo kunye nokulungelelaniswa kwayo. Ii-antenna ezisemgangathweni zinee-polarizations ezahlukeneyo kwaye zifanelekile kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ze-spectrum, zibonelela nge-polarization ekhethiweyo yesicelo esijoliswe kuyo.
Iimveliso ezicetyiswayo:
| RM-DPHA2030-15 | ||
| Iiparamitha | Isiqhelo | Iiyunithi |
| Uluhlu lokuphindaphinda | 20-30 | GHz |
| Inzuzo | 15 Isimbo. | dBi |
| VSWR | 1.3 Isimbo. | |
| Ipolarization | Zimbini Umgca | |
| Cross Pol. Ukubekwa wedwa | 60 Isimbo. | dB |
| Ukwahlulwa Kwezibuko | 70 Isimbo. | dB |
| Isidibanisi | I-SMA-Findoda | |
| Izinto eziphathekayo | Al | |
| Ukugqiba | Peyinta | |
| Ubungakanani(L*W*H) | 83.9*39.6*69.4(±5) | mm |
| Ubunzima | 0.074 | kg |
| RM-BDHA118-10 | ||
| Into | Inkcazo | Iyunithi |
| Uluhlu lokuphindaphinda | 1-18 | GHz |
| Inzuzo | 10 Isimbo. | dBi |
| VSWR | 1.5 Isimbo. | |
| Ipolarization | Umgca | |
| Cross Po. Ukubekwa wedwa | 30 Isimbo. | dB |
| Isidibanisi | I-SMA-Ibhinqa | |
| Ukugqiba | Phayi | |
| Izinto eziphathekayo | Al | |
| Ubungakanani(L*W*H) | 182.4*185.1*116.6(±5) | mm |
| Ubunzima | 0.603 | kg |
| RM-CDPHA218-15 | ||
| Iiparamitha | Isiqhelo | Iiyunithi |
| Uluhlu lokuphindaphinda | 2-18 | GHz |
| Inzuzo | 15 Isimbo. | dBi |
| VSWR | 1.5 Isimbo. |
|
| Ipolarization | Zimbini Umgca |
|
| Cross Pol. Ukubekwa wedwa | 40 | dB |
| Ukwahlulwa Kwezibuko | 40 | dB |
| Isidibanisi | SMA-F |
|
| Unyango loMphezulu | Phayi |
|
| Ubungakanani(L*W*H) | 276*147*147(±5) | mm |
| Ubunzima | 0.945 | kg |
| Izinto eziphathekayo | Al |
|
| Ubushushu bokusebenza | -40-+85 | °C |
| RM-BDPHA9395-22 | ||
| Iiparamitha | Isiqhelo | Iiyunithi |
| Uluhlu lokuphindaphinda | 93-95 | GHz |
| Inzuzo | 22 Isimbo. | dBi |
| VSWR | 1.3 Isimbo. |
|
| Ipolarization | Zimbini Umgca |
|
| Cross Pol. Ukubekwa wedwa | 60 Isimbo. | dB |
| Ukwahlulwa Kwezibuko | 67 Isimbo. | dB |
| Isidibanisi | I-WR10 |
|
| Izinto eziphathekayo | Cu |
|
| Ukugqiba | Golden |
|
| Ubungakanani(L*W*H) | 69.3*19.1*21.2 (±5) | mm |
| Ubunzima | 0.015 | kg |
Ixesha lokuposa: Apr-11-2024
