Iinjineli ze-elektroniki ziyazi ukuba ii-antenna zithumela kwaye zamkele imiqondiso ngendlela yamaza e-electromagnetic (EM) energy achazwe zii-equation zikaMaxwell. Njengakwizihloko ezininzi, ezi equation, kunye nokusasazwa, iipropati ze-electromagnetism, zinokufundwa kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo, ukusuka kumagama asemgangathweni ukuya kwii-equation ezintsonkothileyo.
Kukho iinkalo ezininzi zokusasazwa kwamandla kagesi, enye yazo yi-polarization, enokuba nefuthe okanye inkxalabo eyahlukeneyo kwizicelo kunye noyilo lwee-antenna zazo. Imigaqo esisiseko ye-polarization isebenza kuyo yonke imitha ye-electromagnetic, kubandakanya i-RF/wireless, amandla e-optical, kwaye idla ngokusetyenziswa kwizicelo ze-optical.
Yintoni i-antenna polarization?
Ngaphambi kokuba siqonde i-polarization, kufuneka siqale siqonde imigaqo esisiseko yamaza e-electromagnetic. La maza enziwe ngamasimi ombane (iintsimi ze-E) kunye namasimi e-magnetic (iintsimi ze-H) kwaye ahamba kwicala elinye. Amasimi e-E kunye ne-H ahambelana omnye komnye kwaye ahambelana necala lokusasazeka kwamaza endiza.
I-Polarization ibhekisa kwi-E-field plane ngokwembono yomthumeli wesignali: kwi-polarization ethe tye, intsimi yombane iya kuhamba ecaleni kwi-horizontal plane, ngelixa kwi-polarization ethe tye, intsimi yombane iya kujika inyuke ize ihle kwi-vertical plane. (umfanekiso 1).
Umfanekiso 1: Amaza e-electromagnetic aquka iindawo zentsimi ye-E kunye ne-H ezithe nkqo
Ukuphola okucwangcisiweyo kunye nokuphola okujikelezayo
Iindlela zokupolarization ziquka oku kulandelayo:
Kwi-basic linear polarization, ii-polarizations ezimbini ezinokwenzeka ziyi-orthogonal (perpendicular) enye kwenye (Umfanekiso 2). Ngokwethiyori, i-antenna efumana i-polarized horizontal ayiyi "kubona" isignali evela kwi-antenna e-vertical polarized kwaye ngokuchaseneyo, nokuba zombini zisebenza kwi-frequency efanayo. Okukhona zilungelelaniswe ngcono, kokukhona isignali ibanjwa ngakumbi, kwaye udluliselo lwamandla luyandiswa xa ii-polarizations zihambelana.
Umfanekiso 2: Ukwahlulahlula okunemigca kunika iindlela ezimbini zokwahlulahlula kwiikona zasekunene komnye nomnye
I-oblique polarization ye-antenna luhlobo lwe-linear polarization. Njenge-basic horizon and vertical polarization, le polarization inengqiqo kuphela kwindawo esemhlabeni. I-Oblique polarization ikwi-engile ye-±45 degrees ukuya kwi-horizon reference plane. Nangona olu luhlobo nje lolunye uhlobo lwe-linear polarization, igama elithi "linear" lidla ngokubhekisa kuphela kwi-antennas ezi-horizon okanye ezi-vertical polarized.
Nangona kukho ilahleko ezithile, imiqondiso ethunyelwa (okanye efunyenweyo) yi-antenna e-diagonal inokwenzeka kuphela ngee-antenna ezi-polarized ngokuthe tye okanye ngokuthe nkqo. Ii-antenna ezi-polarized ezi-obliquely ziluncedo xa i-polarization ye-antenna enye okanye zombini ingaziwa okanye itshintsha ngexesha lokusetyenziswa.
I-Circular polarization (CP) iyinkimbinkimbi kune-linear polarization. Kule ndlela, i-polarization emelwe yi-E field vector iyajikeleza njengoko isignali isasazeka. Xa ijikeleziswa ngasekunene (ijonge ngaphandle kwi-transmitter), i-circular polarization ibizwa ngokuba yi-right-handed circular polarization (RHCP); xa ijikeleziswa ngasekhohlo, i-left-handed left polarization (LHCP) (Umfanekiso 3)
Umfanekiso 3: Kwi-polarization ejikelezayo, i-E field vector ye-electromagnetic wave iyajikeleza; olu jikelezo lunokuba ngesandla sasekunene okanye sasekhohlo
Isignali ye-CP inee-orthogonal waves ezimbini ezingaphandle kwesigaba. Iimeko ezintathu ziyafuneka ukuvelisa isignali ye-CP. Intsimi ye-E kufuneka ibe nee-orthogonal components ezimbini; ezi nxalenye zimbini kufuneka zibe ngama-90 degrees ngaphandle kwesigaba kwaye zilingane nge-amplitude. Indlela elula yokwenza i-CP kukusebenzisa i-antenna ye-helical.
I-Elliptical polarization (EP) luhlobo lwe-CP. Amaza ajikelezileyo e-Elliptically yinzuzo eveliswa ngamaza amabini ajikelezileyo e-linearly polarized, njengamaza e-CP. Xa zidityaniswe amaza amabini ajikelezileyo e-linearly polarized ane-amplitudes engalinganiyo, kuveliswa amaza ajikelezileyo e-elliptically polarized.
Ukungafani kwe-polarization phakathi kwee-antenna kuchazwa yi-polarization loss factor (PLF). Le parameter ichazwa ngee-decibels (dB) kwaye ngumsebenzi womahluko kwi-angle ye-polarization phakathi kwee-antenna ezithumelayo nezifumanayo. Ngokwethiyori, i-PLF inokuqala kwi-0 dB (akukho lahleko) kwi-antenna elungelelaniswe ngokugqibeleleyo ukuya kwi-dB engapheliyo (infinite loss) kwi-antenna e-orthogonal ngokugqibeleleyo.
Nangona kunjalo, enyanisweni, ukulungelelaniswa (okanye ukungalungelelani) kwe-polarization akugqibelelanga kuba indawo yoomatshini ye-antenna, indlela umsebenzisi aziphatha ngayo, ukuphambuka kwetshaneli, ukubonakaliswa kwe-multipath, kunye nezinye izinto zinokubangela ukuphambuka kwe-angular kwintsimi ye-electromagnetic edluliselweyo. Ekuqaleni, kuya kubakho i-10 - 30 dB okanye ngaphezulu "ukuvuza" kwesignali ye-cross-polarization evela kwi-orthogonal polarization, okuthi kwezinye iimeko kube ngokwaneleyo ukuphazamisa ukubuyiselwa kwesignali oyifunayo.
Ngokwahlukileyo koko, i-PLF yokwenyani yee-antenna ezimbini ezilungelelanisiweyo ezine-polarization efanelekileyo inokuba yi-10 dB, 20 dB, okanye ngaphezulu, kuxhomekeke kwiimeko, kwaye inokuthintela ukubuyiselwa kwesiginali. Ngamanye amazwi, i-cross-polarization engafunekiyo kunye ne-PLF zinokusebenza macala omabini ngokuphazamisa isiginali efunekayo okanye ukunciphisa amandla esiginali efunekayo.
Kutheni ukhathalele i-polarisation?
I-Polarization isebenza ngeendlela ezimbini: okukhona ii-antenna ezimbini zilungelelaniswe kwaye zine-polarization efanayo, kokukhona amandla esignali efunyenweyo angcono. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ukulungelelaniswa okungalunganga kwe-polarization kwenza kube nzima ngakumbi kubamkeli, nokuba banenjongo okanye abanelisekanga, ukubamba ngokwaneleyo isignali enomdla. Kwiimeko ezininzi, "itshaneli" iphazamisa i-polarization edluliselweyo, okanye enye okanye zombini ii-antenna azikho kwicala elingaguqukiyo.
Ukukhetha ukuba yeyiphi i-polarization oza kuyisebenzisa kudla ngokuxhomekeka kufakelo okanye kwiimeko zomoya. Umzekelo, i-antenna e-polarized ethe tye iya kusebenza ngcono kwaye igcine i-polarization yayo xa ifakelwe kufutshane nesilingi; ngokuchaseneyo, i-antenna e-polarized ethe tye iya kusebenza ngcono kwaye igcine ukusebenza kwayo kwe-polarization xa ifakelwe kufutshane nodonga olusecaleni.
I-antenna ye-dipole esetyenziswa kakhulu (ecacileyo okanye egobileyo) i-polarized ngokuthe tye kwi-orientation yayo "eqhelekileyo" yokumisa (Umfanekiso 4) kwaye idla ngokujikeleziswa ngama-90 degrees ukuze ithathe i-polarization ethe nkqo xa ifuneka okanye ukuxhasa imo ye-polarization ekhethwayo (Umfanekiso 5).
Umfanekiso 4: I-antenna ye-dipole idla ngokuxhonywa ngokuthe tye kwi-mast yayo ukuze ibonelele nge-polarization ethe tye
Umfanekiso 5: Kwizicelo ezifuna i-polarization ethe nkqo, i-antenna ye-dipole ingafakelwa ngokufanelekileyo apho i-antenna ibamba khona
I-vertical polarization isetyenziswa kakhulu kwiirediyo eziphathwayo eziphathwayo, njengalezo zisetyenziswa ngabantu abaphendula kuqala, kuba uyilo oluninzi lwee-antenna zerediyo ezijikelezileyo zibonelela ngepateni yemitha ye-omnidirectional. Ke ngoko, ezi antenna akufuneki ziphinde zijongiswe nokuba icala lerediyo kunye ne-antenna liyatshintsha.
Ii-antenna ze-frequency eziphezulu ze-3 - 30 MHz (HF) zihlala zakhiwa njengeentambo ezilula ezinde ezidityaniswe ngokuthe tye phakathi kwezibiyeli. Ubude bazo bumiselwa bubude be-wavelength (10 - 100 m). Olu hlobo lwe-antenna lu-polarized ngokwendalo.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ukubiza eli bhendi ngokuthi "i-high frequency" kwaqala kwiminyaka emininzi eyadlulayo, xa i-30 MHz yayiyeyona frequency iphezulu. Nangona le nkcazo ngoku ibonakala ngathi iphelelwe lixesha, sisibizo esisemthethweni se-International Telecommunications Union kwaye sisasetyenziswa kakhulu.
I-polarization ekhethwayo inokugqitywa ngeendlela ezimbini: nokuba kusetyenziswe amaza omhlaba ukuze kusetyenziswe imiqondiso enamandla yomgama omfutshane ngezixhobo zokusasaza ezisebenzisa ibhendi ye-300 kHz - 3 MHz medium wave (MW), okanye kusetyenziswe amaza esibhakabhakeni kwimigama emide nge-ionosphere Link. Ngokubanzi, ii-antenna ezi-polarized vertically polarized zinokusasazwa ngcono kwamaza omhlaba, ngelixa ii-antenna ezi-polarized vertically zisebenza ngcono kumaza esibhakabhakeni.
I-circular polarization isetyenziswa kakhulu kwi-satellites kuba indlela i-satellite ebekwe ngayo xa ithelekiswa nezikhululo zomhlaba kunye nezinye ii-satellites itshintsha rhoqo. Ukusebenza kakuhle phakathi kwee-antenna zokudlulisa nezokwamkelayo kukhulu xa zombini zi-circularly polarized, kodwa ii-antennas ezi-linearly polarized zingasetyenziswa kwi-antennas ze-CP, nangona kukho i-polarization loss factor.
I-Polarization ikwabalulekile kwiinkqubo ze-5G. Ezinye ii-antenna arrays ze-5G multiple-input/multiple-output (MIMO) zifezekisa ukwanda kwe-throughput ngokusebenzisa i-polarization ukuze zisebenzise ngokufanelekileyo i-spectrum ekhoyo. Oku kufezekiswa kusetyenziswa indibaniselwano ye-signal polarizations ezahlukeneyo kunye ne-spatial multiplexing ye-antennas (ukwahlukahlukana kwendawo).
Le nkqubo inokudlulisa imijelo emibini yedatha kuba imijelo yedatha iqhagamshelwe zii-antenna ezizimeleyo ezi-orthogonally polarized kwaye zinokufunyanwa ngokuzimeleyo. Nokuba kukho i-cross-polarization ethile ngenxa yokuphazamiseka kwendlela kunye ne-channel, ukubonakalisa, i-multipath, kunye nezinye iimpazamo, umamkeli usebenzisa ii-algorithms ezintsonkothileyo ukubuyisela isignali nganye yokuqala, nto leyo ekhokelela kwizinga eliphantsi leempazamo ze-bit (BER) kwaye ekugqibeleni kuphuculwe ukusetyenziswa kwe-spectrum.
ukuququmbela
I-Polarization yipropati ebalulekileyo ye-antenna edla ngokungajongwa. I-polarization ethe tye (kuquka i-horizontal kunye ne-vertical), i-oblique polarization, i-circular polarization kunye ne-elliptical polarization zisetyenziselwa usetyenziso olwahlukeneyo. Uluhlu lokusebenza kwe-RF ukusuka ekupheleni ukuya ekupheleni i-antenna enokuyifikelela luxhomekeke kwindlela ehambelana ngayo kunye nokulungelelaniswa kwayo. Ii-antenna eziqhelekileyo zine-polarizations ezahlukeneyo kwaye zifanelekile kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ze-spectrum, zibonelela nge-polarization ekhethwayo kwisicelo esijoliswe kuso.
Iimveliso ezicetyiswayo:
| RM-I-DPHA2030-15 | ||
| Iiparameters | Okuqhelekileyo | Iiyunithi |
| Uluhlu lweeFrequency | 20-30 | I-GHz |
| Inzuzo | Uhlobo lwe-15. | dBi |
| I-VSWR | 1.3 Uhlobo. | |
| Ukwahlulahlula | Isibini Imigca ethe tyaba | |
| Ukuzahlula kwiCross Pol. | Uhlobo lwe-60. | dB |
| Ukuzahlula kwiZibuko | Uhlobo lwe-70. | dB |
| Isinxibelelanisi | I-SMA-Fi-imeyile | |
| Izinto eziphathekayo | Al | |
| Ukugqiba | Ipeyinti | |
| Ubungakanani(L*W*H) | 83.9*39.6*69.4(±5) | mm |
| Ubunzima | 0.074 | kg |
| RM-BDHA118-10 | ||
| Into | Inkcazo | Iyunithi |
| Uluhlu lweeFrequency | 1-18 | I-GHz |
| Inzuzo | Uhlobo lwe-10. | dBi |
| I-VSWR | 1.5 Uhlobo. | |
| Ukwahlulahlula | Imigca ethe tyaba | |
| Ukuzahlula kwiCross Po. | Uhlobo lwe-30. | dB |
| Isinxibelelanisi | I-SMA-Ibhinqa | |
| Ukugqiba | Paint | |
| Izinto eziphathekayo | Al | |
| Ubungakanani(L*W*H) | 182.4*185.1*116.6(±5) | mm |
| Ubunzima | 0.603 | kg |
| RM-CDPHA218-15 | ||
| Iiparameters | Okuqhelekileyo | Iiyunithi |
| Uluhlu lweeFrequency | 2-18 | I-GHz |
| Inzuzo | Uhlobo lwe-15. | dBi |
| I-VSWR | 1.5 Uhlobo. |
|
| Ukwahlulahlula | Isibini Imigca ethe tyaba |
|
| Ukuzahlula kwiCross Pol. | 40 | dB |
| Ukuzahlula kwiZibuko | 40 | dB |
| Isinxibelelanisi | I-SMA-F |
|
| Unyango Lomphezulu | Paint |
|
| Ubungakanani(L*W*H) | 276*147*147(±5) | mm |
| Ubunzima | 0.945 | kg |
| Izinto eziphathekayo | Al |
|
| Ubushushu bokusebenza | -40-+85 | °C |
| RM-BDPHA9395-22 | ||
| Iiparameters | Okuqhelekileyo | Iiyunithi |
| Uluhlu lweeFrequency | 93-95 | I-GHz |
| Inzuzo | Uhlobo lwe-22. | dBi |
| I-VSWR | 1.3 Uhlobo. |
|
| Ukwahlulahlula | Isibini Imigca ethe tyaba |
|
| Ukuzahlula kwiCross Pol. | Uhlobo lwe-60. | dB |
| Ukuzahlula kwiZibuko | Uhlobo lwe-67. | dB |
| Isinxibelelanisi | I-WR10 |
|
| Izinto eziphathekayo | Cu |
|
| Ukugqiba | Igolide |
|
| Ubungakanani(L*W*H) | 69.3*19.1*21.2 (±5) | mm |
| Ubunzima | 0.015 | kg |
Ixesha leposi: Epreli-11-2024
