1. Intshayelelo
Ukuvunwa kwamandla erediyo (RF) (RFEH) kunye nokudluliselwa kwamandla angenazingcingo (WPT) kuye kwatsala umdla omkhulu njengeendlela zokufezekisa iinethiwekhi ezingenazingcingo ezizinzileyo ezingenabhetri. IiRectenna zingundoqo kwiinkqubo zeWPT kunye neRFEH kwaye zinempembelelo enkulu kumandla eDC aziswa kumthwalo. Izinto ze-antenna ze-rectenna zichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukusebenza kakuhle kokuvuna, okunokutshintsha amandla avuniweyo ngee-odolo ezininzi zobukhulu. Eli phepha liphonononga uyilo lwe-antenna olusetyenziswa kwi-WPT nakwizicelo ze-RFEH ezikufutshane. Iirectenna ezixeliweyo zahlulwe ngokweekhrayitheriya ezimbini eziphambili: i-bandwidth ye-impedance yokulungisa i-antenna kunye neempawu ze-radiation ze-antenna. Kwikhrayitheriya nganye, inani le-merit (FoM) yezicelo ezahlukeneyo limiselwa kwaye liphononongwa ngokuthelekisayo.
I-WPT yacetywa yiTesla ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20 njengendlela yokudlulisa amawaka eehashe. Igama elithi rectenna, elichaza i-antenna eqhagamshelwe kwi-rectifier ukuze iqokelele amandla e-RF, lavela ngeminyaka yoo-1950 kwizicelo zokuhambisa amandla e-microwave kunye nokunika amandla ii-drones ezizimeleyo. I-WPT ejikelezayo, ekude ithintelwe ziimpawu zomzimba zesixhobo sokusasaza (umoya). Ke ngoko, i-WPT yorhwebo inqunyelwe kakhulu kudluliselo lwamandla olungeyo-radiative olukufutshane nentsimi yokutshaja nge-wireless consumer electronics okanye i-RFID.
Njengoko ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kwezixhobo ze-semiconductor kunye nee-sensor nodes ezingenazingcingo kuqhubeka kuncipha, kuba lula ngakumbi ukusebenzisa ii-sensor nodes zamandla kusetyenziswa i-RFEH engqongileyo okanye ukusebenzisa ii-transmitters ezisasazwayo ezisebenzisa amandla aphantsi. Iinkqubo zamandla ezingenazingcingo ezinamandla aphantsi kakhulu zihlala ziquka i-RF acquisition front end, ulawulo lwamandla e-DC kunye nememori, kunye ne-microprocessor kunye ne-transceiver enamandla aphantsi.
Umfanekiso 1 ubonisa uyilo lwe-RFEH wireless node kunye nokuphunyezwa kwe-RF front-end okuxeliweyo rhoqo. Ukusebenza kakuhle kwenkqubo yamandla angenazingcingo kunye noyilo lwenethiwekhi yolwazi olungenazingcingo oluhambelanayo kunye nokudluliselwa kwamandla kuxhomekeke ekusebenzeni kwamacandelo ngamanye, njengee-antenna, ii-rectifiers, kunye neesekethe zolawulo lwamandla. Uphando oluninzi loncwadi luye lwenziwa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zenkqubo. Itheyibhile 1 ishwankathela isigaba sokuguqulwa kwamandla, amacandelo aphambili okuguqulwa kwamandla ngokufanelekileyo, kunye nophando loncwadi oluhambelanayo kwinxalenye nganye. Uncwadi lwakutshanje lugxile kwitekhnoloji yokuguqulwa kwamandla, ii-topologies ze-rectifier, okanye i-RFEH eyaziyo inethiwekhi.
Umfanekiso 1
Nangona kunjalo, uyilo lwe-antenna aluthathwa njengento ebalulekileyo kwi-RFEH. Nangona ezinye iincwadi zijonga i-bandwidth ye-antenna kunye nokusebenza kakuhle ngokwembono iyonke okanye ngokwembono ethile yoyilo lwe-antenna, njengee-antenna ezincinci okanye ezinokunxitywa, impembelelo yeparameters ezithile ze-antenna ekufumaneni amandla kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kokuguqulwa ayihlalutywanga ngokweenkcukacha.
Eli phepha liphonononga iindlela zoyilo lwe-antenna kwii-rectenna ngenjongo yokwahlula imingeni yoyilo lwe-antenna ethile ye-RFEH kunye ne-WPT kuyilo lwe-antenna yonxibelelwano oluqhelekileyo. Ii-antenna zithelekiswa kwiimbono ezimbini: ukuhambelana kwe-impedance ukusuka ekupheleni ukuya ekupheleni kunye neempawu zemitha; kwimeko nganye, i-FoM ichongiwe kwaye ihlolwe kwii-antenna zanamhlanje (SoA).
2. I-Bandwidth kunye nokuHlanganisa: IiNethiwekhi ze-RF ezingezizo ze-50Ω
I-impedance ephawulekayo ye-50Ω kukuqwalaselwa kwasekuqaleni kwesivumelwano phakathi kokunciphisa amandla kunye nosetyenziso lobunjineli be-microwave. Kwii-antenna, i-bandwidth ye-impedance ichazwa njengoluhlu lwefrikhwensi apho amandla abonakalisiweyo angaphantsi kwe-10% (S11< − 10 dB). Ekubeni ii-amplifiers zengxolo ephantsi (ii-LNA), ii-amplifiers zamandla, kunye nee-detectors zihlala ziyilwe ngomdlalo we-impedance yokufaka we-50Ω, umthombo we-50Ω usoloko ubhekiselwa kuwo.
Kwi-rectenna, imveliso ye-antenna ifakwa ngqo kwi-rectifier, kwaye ukungangqamani kwe-diode kubangela umahluko omkhulu kwi-input impedance, apho i-capacitive component ilawula khona. Ukuba kukho i-antenna ye-50Ω, umceli mngeni ophambili kukuyila inethiwekhi eyongezelelweyo yokufanisa i-RF ukuguqula i-input impedance ibe yi-impedance ye-rectifier kwi-frequency of interest kwaye iyenze ibe ngcono kwinqanaba elithile lamandla. Kule meko, i-end-to-end impedance bandwidth iyadingeka ukuqinisekisa ukuguqulwa kwe-RF ukuya kwi-DC okusebenzayo. Ke ngoko, nangona ii-antenna zinokufikelela kwi-bandwidth engapheliyo okanye ebanzi kakhulu kusetyenziswa izinto ezijikelezayo okanye i-geometry ezizixhasayo, i-bandwidth ye-rectenna iya kuthintelwa yinethiwekhi yokufanisa i-rectifier.
Iitopoloji ezininzi ze-rectenna ziye zacetyiswa ukuze kufezekiswe ukuvuna i-single-band kunye ne-multi-band okanye i-WPT ngokunciphisa ukubonakaliswa kunye nokwandisa ukudluliselwa kwamandla phakathi kwe-antenna kunye ne-rectifier. Umfanekiso 2 ubonisa izakhiwo zeetopoloji ze-rectenna ezixeliweyo, ezihlelwe ngokwesakhiwo sazo sokufanisa i-impedance. Itheyibhile 2 ibonisa imizekelo yee-rectennas ezisebenzayo kakhulu ngokubhekiselele kwi-bandwidth yokuphela ukuya kokuphela (kule meko, i-FoM) kudidi ngalunye.
Umfanekiso 2 Iitopoloji zeRectenna ngokwembono yokuhambelana kwe-bandwidth kunye ne-impedance. (a) I-rectenna yebhendi enye ene-antenna eqhelekileyo. (b) I-rectenna yebhendi eninzi (eyenziwe zii-antenna ezininzi ezidityanisiweyo) ene-rectifier enye kunye nenethiwekhi ehambelanayo ngebhendi nganye. (c) I-rectenna yebhendi enezibuko ezininzi ze-RF kunye neenethiwekhi ezahlukeneyo zokudibanisa zebhendi nganye. (d) I-rectenna yebhendi enye ene-antenna yebhendi kunye nenethiwekhi yokufanisa ibhendi. (e) I-rectenna yebhendi enye esebenzisa i-antenna encinci yombane ehambelana ngqo ne-rectifier. (f) I-antenna enkulu yombane ene-band enye ene-impedance enzima yokudibanisa ne-rectifier. (g) I-rectenna yebhendi ene-impedance enzima yokudibanisa ne-rectifier kuluhlu lwee-frequency.
Nangona i-WPT kunye ne-RFEH engqongileyo evela kwi-feed ezinikeleyo zizicelo ezahlukeneyo ze-rectenna, ukufikelela ekufanisweni kwesiphelo ukuya ekupheleni phakathi kwe-antenna, i-rectifier kunye nomthwalo kubalulekile ukuze kufezekiswe ukusebenza kakuhle kokuguqulwa kwamandla aphezulu (PCE) ukusuka kumbono we-bandwidth. Nangona kunjalo, i-WPT rectennas igxila ngakumbi ekufezekiseni ukuhambelana kwezinto ezisemgangathweni ophezulu (i-S11 esezantsi) ukuphucula i-single-band PCE kumanqanaba athile ombane (ii-topology a, e kunye ne-f). I-bandwidth ebanzi ye-single-band WPT iphucula ukhuseleko lwenkqubo ekuthinteleni, ekuveliseni iziphene kunye nee-parasites zokupakisha. Kwelinye icala, i-RFEH rectennas ibeka phambili ukusebenza kwe-multi-band kwaye iyinxalenye ye-topology bd kunye ne-g, njengoko i-power spectral density (PSD) ye-single band ngokubanzi iphantsi.
3. Uyilo lwe-antenna engunxande
1. I-rectenna ye-single-frequency
Uyilo lwe-antenna ye-single-frequency rectenna (topology A) lusekelwe kakhulu kuyilo lwe-antenna oluqhelekileyo, olufana ne-linear polarization (LP) okanye i-circular polarization (CP) radiating patch on the ground plane, i-dipole antenna kunye ne-inverted F antenna. I-differential band rectenna isekelwe kwi-DC combination array elungiselelwe ii-antenna ezininzi okanye indibaniselwano ye-DC kunye ne-RF exutyiweyo yee-unit ezininzi ze-patch.
Ekubeni uninzi lwee-antenna ezicetywayo ziyi-antenna ze-single-frequency kwaye zihlangabezana neemfuno ze-single-frequency WPT, xa ufuna i-environmental multi-frequency RFEH, ii-antenna ezininzi ze-single-frequency zidityaniswe zibe yi-multi-band rectennas (topology B) kunye noxinzelelo lwe-mutual coupling kunye ne-DC coupling ezimeleyo emva kwesekethe yolawulo lwamandla ukuze zihlukaniswe ngokupheleleyo kwisekethe yokufunyanwa kunye nokuguqulwa kwe-RF. Oku kufuna iisekethe ezininzi zolawulo lwamandla kwi-band nganye, nto leyo enokunciphisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-boost converter kuba amandla e-DC ebhendi enye aphantsi.
2. Ii-antenna ze-RFEH ezinamabhendi amaninzi kunye ne-broadband
I-RFEH yokusingqongileyo idla ngokunxulunyaniswa nokufunyanwa kweebhendi ezininzi; ngoko ke, iindlela ezahlukeneyo ziye zacetyiswa ukuphucula i-bandwidth yoyilo lwee-antenna eziqhelekileyo kunye neendlela zokwenza ii-antenna zebhendi ezimbini okanye zebhendi. Kweli candelo, sihlola uyilo lwee-antenna ezenziwe ngokwezifiso zee-RFEH, kunye nee-antenna zakudala zebhendi ezininzi ezinokuthi zisetyenziswe njengee-rectenna.
Ii-antenna ze-Coplanar waveguide (CPW) monopole zihlala kwindawo encinci kunee-antenna ze-microstrip patch kwi-frequency efanayo kwaye zivelisa amaza e-LP okanye e-CP, kwaye zihlala zisetyenziselwa ii-rectennas zemvelo ze-broadband. Iiplani zokubonakalisa zisetyenziselwa ukwandisa ukuhlukaniswa kunye nokuphucula inzuzo, okubangela iipateni zemitha ezifana nee-antenna ze-patch. Ii-antenna ze-slotted coplanar waveguide zisetyenziselwa ukuphucula ii-bandwidth ze-impedance kwiibhendi ezininzi ze-frequency, ezifana ne-1.8–2.7 GHz okanye i-1–3 GHz. Ii-antenna ze-slot ezidityanisiweyo kunye nee-antenna ze-patch nazo zisetyenziswa rhoqo kwiidizayini ze-rectenna ezininzi. Umfanekiso 3 ubonisa ezinye ii-antenna ze-multi-band ezixeliweyo ezisebenzisa iindlela zokuphucula i-bandwidth ezingaphezu kwesinye.
Umfanekiso 3
Ukuthelekiswa kwe-Antenna-Rectifier Impedance
Ukufanisa i-antenna ye-50Ω ne-nonlinear rectifier kunzima kuba i-input impedance yayo iyahluka kakhulu ngokwexesha. Kwi-topology A kunye ne-B (Umfanekiso 2), inethiwekhi eqhelekileyo yokufanisa yi-LC match esebenzisa izinto ezixineneyo; nangona kunjalo, i-bandwidth ehambelanayo idla ngokuba sezantsi kunezinye iibhendi zonxibelelwano. Ukufanisa i-single-band stub kudla ngokusetyenziswa kwiibhendi ze-microwave kunye ne-millimeter-wave ezingaphantsi kwe-6 GHz, kwaye ii-rectennas ze-millimeter-wave ezixeliweyo zine-bandwidth encinci ngokwemvelo kuba i-bandwidth yazo ye-PCE ithintelwe yi-output harmonic suppression, nto leyo eyenza ukuba zifaneleke ngakumbi kwizicelo ze-single-band WPT kwibhendi engenalayisenisi ye-24 GHz.
Ii-rectennas kwi-topologies C kunye ne-D zinenethiwekhi ezintsonkothileyo zokufanisa. Iinethiwekhi zokufanisa umgca ezisasazwe ngokupheleleyo ziye zacetyiswa ukuze kufaniswe i-broadband, kunye ne-RF block/DC short circuit (pass filter) kwi-output port okanye i-DC blocking capacitor njengendlela yokubuyisela ii-diode harmonics. Izixhobo zokulungisa zinokuthathelwa indawo zii-capacitors ze-interdigitated board circuit (PCB), ezidityaniswe kusetyenziswa izixhobo zorhwebo zoyilo lwe-elektroniki oluzenzekelayo. Ezinye iinethiwekhi zokufanisa i-broadband rectenna ezixeliweyo zidibanisa izinto ezidibeneyo ukuze zifaniswe nee-frequency eziphantsi kunye nezinto ezisasazwe ukuze zenze i-RF short kwi-input.
Ukutshintshatshintsha i-input impedance ebonwa ngumthwalo ngokusebenzisa umthombo (owaziwa ngokuba yi-source-pull technique) kusetyenzisiwe ukuyila i-broadband rectifier ene-57% relative bandwidth (1.25–2.25 GHz) kunye ne-10% PCE ephezulu xa kuthelekiswa neesekethe ezidibeneyo okanye ezisasazwe. Nangona iinethiwekhi ezihambelanayo zihlala ziyilelwe ukufanisa ii-antenna kuyo yonke i-50Ω bandwidth, kukho iingxelo kwiincwadi apho ii-antenna ze-broadband ziqhagamshelwe kwi-narrowband rectifiers.
Iinethiwekhi zokufanisa izinto ezihlanganisiweyo kunye nezinto ezisasazwayo zisetyenziswe kakhulu kwiitopologiya C kunye no-D, apho ii-inductors zochungechunge kunye nee-capacitors zezona zinto zihlanganisiweyo zisetyenziswa kakhulu. Ezi ziphepha izakhiwo ezintsonkothileyo ezifana nee-capacitors ezidijithi, ezifuna imodeli echanekileyo kunye nokwenziwa kunemigca eqhelekileyo ye-microstrip.
Amandla okufaka kwi-rectifier achaphazela i-input impedance ngenxa yokungahambelani kwe-diode. Ke ngoko, i-rectenna yenzelwe ukwandisa i-PCE kwinqanaba elithile lamandla okufaka kunye ne-load impedance. Ekubeni ii-diode ziyi-capacitive high impedance kwii-frequency ezingaphantsi kwe-3 GHz, ii-broadband rectennas ezisusa iinethiwekhi ezihambelanayo okanye ezinciphisa iisekethe ezihambelanayo ezilula zigxile kwii-frequency Prf>0 dBm nangaphezulu kwe-1 GHz, ekubeni ii-diode zine-capacitive impedance ephantsi kwaye zinokuhambelana kakuhle ne-antenna, ngaloo ndlela ziphepha uyilo lwee-antenna ezine-input reactances >1,000Ω.
Ukudibanisa i-impedance eguquguqukayo okanye ehlengahlengiswayo kubonwe kwi-CMOS rectennas, apho inethiwekhi yokufanisa iqulathe iibhanki ze-capacitor ezikwi-chip kunye nee-inductors. Iinethiwekhi zokufanisa ze-CMOS eziqinileyo nazo zicetyisiwe kwii-antennas eziqhelekileyo ze-50Ω kunye nee-antennas ze-loop ezidizayinwe ngokubambisana. Kuye kwaxelwa ukuba ii-CMOS power detectors ezingasebenziyo zisetyenziselwa ukulawula iiswitshi eziqondisa ukuphuma kwe-antenna kwii-rectifiers ezahlukeneyo kunye neenethiwekhi zokufanisa ngokuxhomekeke kumandla akhoyo. Kucetyisiwe inethiwekhi yokufanisa ehlengahlengiswayo esebenzisa ii-capacitors ezinokuhlengahlengiswa ezilunyiweyo, ezilungiswa ngokulungisa kakuhle ngelixa kulinganiswa i-impedance yokufaka kusetyenziswa i-vector network analyzer. Kwiinethiwekhi zokufanisa ze-microstrip ezihlengahlengiswayo, iiswitshi ze-transistor ye-field effect zisetyenzisiwe ukulungisa ii-stubs zokufanisa ukuze kufezekiswe iimpawu ze-dual-band.
Ukuze ufunde okungakumbi ngee-antenna, nceda undwendwele:
Ixesha lokuthumela: Agasti-09-2024
