1. Intshayelelo
Irediyo frequency (RF) energy harvesting (RFEH) kunye neradiative wireless power transfer (WPT) zitsale umdla omkhulu njengeendlela zokufikelela kuthungelwano olungenazicingo olungenazicingo. I-Rectennas zisisiseko se-WPT kunye neenkqubo ze-RFEH kwaye zinempembelelo enkulu kumandla e-DC anikezelwe kumthwalo. Izinto ze-antenna ze-rectenna zichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukusebenza kakuhle kokuvuna, okunokutshintsha amandla okuvuna ngee-odolo ezininzi zobukhulu. Eli phepha liphonononga uyilo lwe-eriyali eqeshwe kwi-WPT kunye nezicelo ze-RFEH ezikufutshane. Iirectenna ezixeliweyo zihlelwa ngokwemigaqo emibini ephambili: i-eriyali ilungisa i-impedance bandwidth kunye neempawu zemitha ye-eriyali. Kwikhrayitheriya nganye, inani lokufaneleka (FoM) lezicelo ezahlukeneyo liyamiselwa kwaye lihlaziywe ngokuthelekisayo.
I-WPT yacetywa nguTesla ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20 njengendlela yokuhambisa amawaka amandla ehashe. Igama elithi rectenna, elichaza i-eriyali eqhagamshelwe kwisilungisi ukuze kuvunwe amandla eRF, lavela ngeminyaka yee-1950s ukulungiselela usetyenziso lombane we-microwave emajukujukwini nasekunikeni amandla iidrones ezizimeleyo. I-Omnidirectional, i-WPT yobude obude bunyanzeliswa yimpahla ebonakalayo ye-propagation medium (umoya). Ke ngoko, i-WPT yorhwebo ithintelwe ikakhulu kunikezelo lwamandla olungeyo-radiative olukufuphi nokutshaja kombane okungenazingcingo okanye i-RFID.
Njengoko ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kwezixhobo ze-semiconductor kunye ne-wireless sensor nodes kuqhubeka nokuhla, kuya kuba yinto enokwenzeka ngakumbi kwi-sensor nodes zamandla usebenzisa i-RFEH ejikelezayo okanye ukusebenzisa i-omnidirectional transmitters yamandla aphantsi. Iisistim zamandla angenangcingo asezantsi kakhulu zidla ngokuba nesiphelo se-RF yokufunyanwa, amandla eDC kunye nolawulo lwememori, kunye ne-microprocessor yamandla aphantsi kunye ne-transceiver.
Umzobo woku-1 ubonisa uyilo lwe-RFEH node engenazingcingo kunye nengxelo exhaphakileyo yokuphunyezwa kwe-RF yangaphambili. Ukusebenza kwesiphelo ukuya ekupheleni kwenkqubo yamandla engenazingcingo kunye noyilo lweenkcukacha ezingenazingcingo ezidityanisiweyo kunye nothungelwano lokudluliselwa kwamandla kuxhomekeke ekusebenzeni kwamacandelo ngamanye, njengee-eriyali, izilungisi, kunye neesekethe zolawulo lwamandla. Uphando loncwadi oluninzi lwenziwe kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zesistim. Itheyibhile 1 ishwankathela inqanaba lokuguqulwa kwamandla, amacandelo abalulekileyo okuguqulwa kwamandla ngokufanelekileyo, kunye nophando loncwadi oluhambelanayo kwicandelo ngalinye. Uncwadi lwakutsha nje lugxile kwitekhnoloji yokuguqula amandla, i-topology rectifier, okanye i-network-aware RFEH.
Umfanekiso woku-1
Nangona kunjalo, uyilo lwe-antenna aluthathwa njengecandelo elibalulekileyo kwi-RFEH. Nangona olunye uncwadi luthathela ingqalelo i-eriyali bandwidth kunye nokusebenza kakuhle ngokwembono epheleleyo okanye ngokwembono yoyilo lwe-eriyali ethile, njengee-eriyali ezincinci okanye ezinxitywayo, impembelelo yeeparamitha ezithile ze-eriyali kulwamkelo lwamandla kunye nempumelelo yokuguqula ayihlalutywa ngokweenkcukacha.
Eli phepha liphonononga iindlela zokuyila ii-eriyali kwii-rectenna ngenjongo yokwahlula i-RFEH kunye ne-WPT imingeni ethile yoyilo lwe-eriyali ukusuka kuyilo oluqhelekileyo lwe-eriyali yonxibelelwano. Ii-antenna zifaniswa kwiimbono ezimbini: ukuphela kwe-impedance ehambelanayo kunye neempawu zemitha; kwimeko nganye, i-FoM ichongiwe kwaye ihlaziywe kwi-antennas ye-state-of-the-art (SoA).
2. I-Bandwidth kunye ne-Matching: Non-50Ω RF Networks
Uphawu lwe-impedance ye-50Ω luqwalaselo kwangethuba lokuthomalalisa phakathi kokuthomalalisa kunye namandla kwizicelo zobunjineli be-microwave. Kwii-antenna, i-bandwidth ye-impedance ichazwa njenge-frequency range apho amandla abonakalisiweyo angaphantsi kwe-10% (S11< - 10 dB). Ukusukela oko iiamplifiers zengxolo ephantsi (LNAs), izandisi zamandla, kunye nezichongi ziqhele ukuyilwa ngomdlalo we-impedance oyi-50Ω, umthombo we-50Ω ubhekiselwa ngokwesiko.
Kwi-rectenna, imveliso ye-antenna yondliwa ngokuthe ngqo kwi-rectifier, kwaye i-nonlinearity ye-diode ibangela ukuhluka okukhulu kwi-impedance yegalelo, kunye necandelo le-capacitive elilawulayo. Ukuthatha i-eriyali eyi-50Ω, olona celomngeni kukuyila i-RF eyongezelelweyo yothungelwano oluhambelanayo ukuguqula igalelo lothintelo kuthintelo lomlungisi ngamaxesha omdla kwaye uwenzele umgangatho othile wamandla. Kule meko, i-bandwidth yokuphela ukuya ekupheleni iyafuneka ukuze kuqinisekiswe uguqulo olusebenzayo lweRF ukuya kwi-DC. Ke ngoko, nangona i-eriyali zinokufikelela kwi-thiyori engapheliyo okanye i-ultra-wide bandwidth isebenzisa izinto zexesha okanye ijometri ezincedisayo, i-bandwidth ye-rectenna iya kufakwa ebhotileni ngumnxibelelanisi ohambelana nenethiwekhi.
Uninzi lwe-rectenna topologies lucetywayo ukuphumeza i-band-band kunye ne-multi-band ukuvunwa okanye i-WPT ngokunciphisa izibonakaliso kunye nokwandisa ukuhanjiswa kwamandla phakathi kwe-eriyali kunye ne-rectifier. Umzobo we-2 ubonisa izakhiwo ze-rectenna topology ezixeliweyo, ezihlelwe ngokwe-impedance yazo ehambelana ne-architecture. Itheyibhile ye-2 ibonisa imizekelo ye-rectennas ephezulu yokusebenza ngokubhekiselele kwi-bandwidth yokuphela (kule meko, i-FoM) kwicandelo ngalinye.
Umzobo we-2 I-rectenna topologies ukusuka kumbono we-bandwidth kunye nokuhambelana kwe-impedance. (a) Irectenna enebhendi enye ene-eriyali eqhelekileyo. (b) I-rectenna ye-Multiband (eyenziwe ngee-eriyali ezininzi ezidityanisiweyo) kunye nesilungisi esinye kunye nenethiwekhi ehambelanayo ngebhendi nganye. (c) I-Broadband rectenna enamazibuko e-RF amaninzi kunye nothungelwano olwahlukileyo oluhambelanayo lwebhendi nganye. (d) Irekhina yebroadband ene-eriyali ebanzi kunye nothungelwano oluthelekisayo lwebroadband. (e) Irekhna enebhanti enye esebenzisa i-eriyali encinci yombane ehambelana ngqo nesilungisi. (f) Ibhendi enye, i-eriyali enkulu yombane ene-impedance enzima ukuze idibane nesilungisi. (g) ibroadband rectenna ene-impedance entsonkothileyo ukuze idityaniswe nesilungisi kuluhlu lweefrikhwensi.
Ngelixa i-WPT kunye ne-RFEH ye-ambient evela kwi-feed ezinikeleyo ziyizicelo ezahlukeneyo ze-rectenna, ukufezekisa ukuhambelana kokuphela-to-ekugqibeleni phakathi kwe-eriyali, isilungisi kunye nomthwalo kubalulekile ukufezekisa ukusebenza kakuhle kokuguqulwa kwamandla (PCE) ukusuka kumbono we-bandwidth. Nangona kunjalo, ii-rectennas ze-WPT zijolise ngakumbi ekufezekiseni umgangatho ophezulu wokufanisa (i-S11 ephantsi) ukuphucula i-PCE yebhendi enye kumanqanaba athile amandla (i-topology a, e kunye no-f). I-bandwidth ebanzi ye-single-band ye-WPT iphucula ukhuseleko lwenkqubo yokukhupha, iziphene zokuvelisa kunye ne-parasitics yokupakisha. Kwelinye icala, iirectennas ze-RFEH zibeka phambili ukusebenza kweebhendi ezininzi kwaye zezetoplogies bd kunye ne-g, njengoko uxinano lwamandla okubonwa (PSD) kwebhendi enye isezantsi ngokubanzi.
3. Uyilo lwe-eriyali yoxande
1. Irectenna enye-frequency
Uyilo lwe-eriyali ye-rectenna ye-frequency enye (i-topology A) isekelwe ikakhulu kuyilo lwe-eriyali eqhelekileyo, efana ne-linear polarization (LP) okanye i-circular polarization (CP) i-radiating patch kwi-plane ephantsi, i-eriyali ye-dipole kunye ne-eriyali ye-F inverted. Umahluko webhendi yerectenna isekwe kuluhlu lwendibaniselwano ye-DC emiselweyo eneeyunithi ezininzi ze-eriyali okanye idityaniso ye-DC kunye ne-RF edityanisiweyo yeeyunithi ezininzi zeepetshi.
Ekubeni uninzi lwee-eriyali ezicetywayo ziyi-eriyali ezixhaphakileyo kwaye zihlangabezana neemfuno ze-WPT enye-frequency, xa ifuna i-RFEH yendalo esingqongileyo, ii-eriyali eziphindaphindiweyo zidityaniswe kwii-rectennas ezininzi (i-topology B) kunye nokunyanzeliswa kokudibanisa kunye indibaniselwano ye-DC ezimeleyo emva kwesekethe yolawulo lwamandla ukubahlukanisa ngokupheleleyo kwi-RF yokufunyanwa kunye nokuguqulwa kwesekethe. Oku kufuna iisekethe zolawulo lwamandla amaninzi kwibhendi nganye, enokunciphisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-boost converter kuba amandla e-DC ebhendi enye aphantsi.
2. Ii-eriyali ze-RFEH ezininzi kunye ne-broadband
I-RFEH yokusingqongileyo idla ngokunxulunyaniswa nokufunyanwa kwamaqela amaninzi; ngoko ke, iindlela ezahlukeneyo zobugcisa ziye zacetywa ekuphuculeni i-bandwidth yoyilo lwe-eriyali esemgangathweni kunye neendlela zokwenza ii-antenna ezimbini okanye ii-antenna. Kweli candelo, siphonononga uyilo lwe-eriyali yesiko lwee-RFEHs, kunye nee-eriyali zamaqela amaninzi akudala anokusetyenziswa njengeerectenna.
I-Coplanar waveguide (CPW) i-monopole antennas zithatha indawo encinci kune-microstrip patch eriyali ngexesha elifanayo kwaye zivelisa amaza e-LP okanye e-CP, kwaye zihlala zisetyenziselwa i-broadband rectennas yokusingqongileyo. Iinqwelomoya zokuzibonakalisa zisetyenziselwa ukunyusa ukubekwa zodwa kunye nokuphucula inzuzo, okukhokelela kwiipateni zemitha efana ne-patch antenna. I-eriyali ezifakwe kwi-coplanar waveguide zisetyenziselwa ukuphucula i-impedance bandwidths kwiibhendi zamaxesha amaninzi, njenge-1.8-2.7 GHz okanye i-1-3 GHz. Ii-eriyali ezidityanisiweyo ze-slot kunye ne-eriyali yokupakisha zikwasetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kuyilo lwe-rectenna enamaqela amaninzi. Umzobo wesi-3 ubonisa ezinye ii-eriyali ezixeliweyo ezininzi ezisebenzisa ngaphezulu kobuchule bokuphucula i-bandwidth enye.
Umfanekiso wesi-3
I-Antenna-Rectifier Impedance Matching
Ukutshatisa i-eriyali ye-50Ω kwisilungisi esingahambelaniyo kulucelomngeni kuba igalelo layo leeriyali liyahluka kakhulu ngokuphindaphindiweyo. Kwi-topology A kunye ne-B (Umfanekiso 2), inethiwekhi ehambelanayo eqhelekileyo ngumdlalo weLC usebenzisa izinto ezixubileyo; nangona kunjalo, i-bandwidth ehambelanayo ihlala iphantsi kuneendlela ezininzi zonxibelelwano. Ungqamaniso lwe-stub ye-single-band luqhele ukusetyenziswa kwi-microwave kunye ne-millimeter-wave bands ngaphantsi kwe-6 GHz, kwaye i-millimeter-wave rectennas exeliweyo ine-bandwidth emxinwa ngokwendalo ngenxa yokuba i-bandwidth yazo ye-PCE ivalwe yibhotile ye-harmonic ephumayo, ebenza ukuba bafaneleke ngokukodwa kwi-single- band WPT izicelo kwi 24 GHz ibhendi engenalayisenisi.
I-rectennas kwi-topology C kunye no-D zineenethiwekhi ezihambelanayo ezinzima. Uthungelwano olusasazwe ngokupheleleyo longqamaniso lothungelwano lucetyiwe ukuba luthelekise ibroadband, kunye neRF block/DC short circuit (pass filter) kwizibuko lemveliso okanye i-DC blocking capacitor njengendlela yokubuya ye-diode harmonics. Amacandelo okuhlaziya anokutshintshwa yibhodi yesekethe eprintiweyo (PCB) i-interdigitated capacitors, edityaniswe kusetyenziswa izixhobo zokurhweba zoyilo lwe-elektroniki. Olunye uthungelwano oluxeliweyo lwe-broadband rectenna oluthelekisayo ludibanisa izinto ezidityanisiweyo zokuthelekisa ukuya kumaza asezantsi kunye nezinto ezisasaziweyo zokwenza iRF emfutshane ekufakweni.
Ukutshintsha i-impedance yegalelo elijongwa ngumthwalo ngomthombo (owaziwa ngokuba yindlela yokutsala umthombo) isetyenziselwe ukuyila i-broadband rectifier ene-57% ye-bandwidth ehambelanayo (1.25-2.25 GHz) kunye ne-10% ephezulu ye-PCE xa kuthelekiswa neesekethe ezidibeneyo okanye ezisasazwayo. . Nangona uthungelwano oluhambelanayo ngokuqhelekileyo luyilelwe ukutshatisa ii-eriyali kwi-50Ω yonke i-bandwidth, kukho iingxelo kuncwadi apho i-eriyali ye-broadband iqhagamshelwe kwi-narrowband rectifiers.
I-Hybrid lumped-element kunye ne-distributed-element-matching networks isetyenziswe ngokubanzi kwi-topology C kunye ne-D, kunye ne-series inductors kunye ne-capacitors eziyezona zinto zisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo. Ezi zinto zithintela izakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi ezifana ne-interdigitated capacitors, ezifuna imodeli echanekileyo kunye nokuyila kunemigca ye-microstrip eqhelekileyo.
Amandla egalelo kwi-rectifier ichaphazela i-impedance yegalelo ngenxa yokungahambelani kwe-diode. Ngoko ke, i-rectenna yenzelwe ukwandisa i-PCE kwinqanaba elithile lamandla okufakwayo kunye nokuphazamiseka komthwalo. Kuba iidiode ikakhulu zinamandla ombane aphezulu kumaza angaphantsi kwe-3 GHz, ii-broadband rectennas ezisusa uthungelwano oluhambelanayo okanye ukunciphisa iisekethe ezihambelanayo ezilula zigxininise kwii-frequencies Prf>0 dBm nangaphezulu kwe-1 GHz, kuba iidiodes zine-low capacitive impedance kwaye zinokudityaniswa kakuhle. kwi-eriyali, ngaloo ndlela uthintela ukuyilwa kwee-eriyali ngokufaka igalelo ukusabela >1,000Ω.
Ukulungelelanisa okanye ukulungelelaniswa kwe-impedance ehambelanayo kuye kwabonwa kwi-CMOS rectennas, apho uthungelwano oluhambelanayo lubandakanya iibhanki ze-chip capacitor kunye ne-inductors. Uthungelwano oluzinzileyo lwe-CMOS oluhambelanayo lukwacetyisiwe kumgangatho we-50Ω ii-eriyali kunye nee-eriyali eziyilwe ngokudibeneyo. Kuye kwaxelwa ukuba i-CMOS ye-passive detectors yamandla isetyenziselwa ukulawula utshintsho olukhokelela ekuphumeni kwe-eriyali kwii-rectifiers ezahlukeneyo kunye namanethiwekhi ahambelanayo ngokuxhomekeke kumandla akhoyo. Uthungelwano olulungelelaniswayo oluhambelanayo kusetyenziswa i-lumped tunable capacitors lucetyiwe, olulungiswa ngokulungiswa kakuhle ngelixa kulinganiswa i-impedance yegalelo usebenzisa i-vector network analyzer. Kuthungelwano olunokuphinda luqwalaselwe i-microstrip ehambelanayo, i-field effect transistor switches isetyenziselwe ukulungelelanisa i-stubs ehambelanayo ukufezekisa iimpawu ze-dual-band.
Ukuze ufunde ngakumbi ngee-eriyali, nceda undwendwele:
Ixesha lokuposa: Aug-09-2024
